Demographic and Health Survey 2005

Egypt, Arab Rep., 2005

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EGY_2005_DHS_v01_M

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El-Zanaty and Associates, National Population Council, Ministry of Health and Population

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Dec 20, 2012

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Mar 29, 2019

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 Abiad, Nisrine. Sharia, Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations: A comparative study. : Biicl, 2008.

2 Abu-Raddad, Laith, Francisca Akala, Iris Semini, Gabriele Riedner, David Wilson, and Oussama Tawil. Characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa: time for strategic action. Washington DC, USA: World Bank, 2010.

3 Acha, C. "Women empowerment as measure of good governance in Nigeria." International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 5, no. 2 (2010).

4 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

5 Afifi, Mustafa. "Child disciplinary actions and women exposure to marital violence in Egypt." 9Med 15, no. 002 (2009): 114-118.

6 Afifi, Mustafa. "Physical violence and some reproductive health variables among currently married Egyptian women." The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 83, no. 1-2 (2008): 49.

7 Afifi, Mustafa. "Physical violence, obstacles to accessing healthcare, and insurance coverage of Egyptian currently-married women." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 3, no. 1 (2010): 2.

8 Afifi, Mustafa. "Wealth Index association with gender issues and the reproductive health of Egyptian women." Nursing & health sciences 11, no. 1 (2009): 29-36.

9 Afifi, Mustafa, and Margareta Von Bothmer. "Egyptian women's attitudes and beliefs about female genital cutting and its association with childhood maltreatment." Nursing & health sciences 9, no. 4 (2007): 270-276.

10 Åhman, Elisabeth, and Jelka Zupan. Neonatal and perinatal mortality: Country, regional and global estimates 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Department of Making Pregnancy Safer, 2004.

11 Ahman, Elizabeth, and Jelka Zupan. "Neonatal and perinatal mortality : country, regional and global estimates 2004." (2007) WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

12 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "Mortality and morbidity transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from adult height." (2008) European University Institute (EUI) Working Paper No. 208/41.

13 Akmatov, Manas, Rafael Mikolajczyk, Shokria Labeeb, Enas Dhaher, and Md Khan. "Factors associated with wife beating in Egypt: Analysis of two surveys (1995 and 2005)." BMC Women's Health 8, no. 1 (2008): 15.

14 Alderman, Harold, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Anemia in low-income countries is unlikely to be addressed by economic development without additional programs." Food & Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 3 (2009): 265-269.

15 Amara, Nissrin Abu, Elena Ambrosetti, and Stephanie Condon. "Progress in gender equality in Egypt." IUSSP XXVI International Population Conference. Marrakesh, Morocco, Sept-Oct 27-2, 2009.

16 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

17 Assaad, Rhaga, and Ghada Barsoum. "Youth exclusion in Egypt: In search of 'second chances'." (2007) Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No. 2 .

18 Austin, Anne, Wafaie Fawzi, and Allan Hill. "Anaemia among Egyptian Children between 2000 and 2005: trends and predictors." (2011) Maternal & Child Nutrition.

19 Austin, Anne, Allan Hill, and Wafaie Fawzi. "Maternal obesity trends in Egypt 1995-2005." (2011) Maternal & Child Nutrition.

20 Awadalla I, H. "Profile of contraception use among Egyptian women." Scholarly Journal of Scientific Research and Essay Writing 1, no. 1 (2012): 10-15.

21 Azer, Adele, Sohair Mehanna, Mulki , and Essam Ali. Child protection policies in Egypt: A rights-based approach. : Amer Univ in Cairo Pr, 2010.

22 Barsoum, Ghada, Nadia Rifaat, Omaima El-Gibaly, Nihal Elwan, and Natalie Forcier. Toward FGM-free villages in Egypt: A mid-term evaluation and documentation of the FGM-free village project. Cairo, Egypt: Population Council, 2009.

23 Belayneh, Yordanos. "Reproductive health needs and service utilization of Addis Ababa University students." Masters, Addis Ababa University , 2008.

24 Berenger, Valerie. Using Ordinal Variables to Measure Multidimensional Poverty in Two South Mediterranean Countries. 2014.

25 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

26 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "Intergenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: Trends and Country Differences." (2010) University of Bristol.

27 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "The intergenerational correlation of health in developing countries." (2008) University of Bristol, UK.

28 Binkin, Nancy, Mickey Chopra, Aline Simen-Kapeu, and Dirk Westhof. "Do improvements in outreach, clinical, and family and community-based services predict improvements in child survival? An analysis of serial cross-sectional national surveys." BMC Public Health 11, no. 1 (2011): 456.

29 Black, Robert E, Lindsay H Allen, Zul?qar A Bhutta, Laura E Caulfield, Mercedes de Onis, Majid Ezzati, Colin Mathers, and Juan Rivera. "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences." The Lancet 371, no. 9608 (2008): 243-260.

30 Block, Steven A, William A Masters, and Priya Bhagowalia. "Child undernutrition, household poverty and national income in developing countries: Quantile regression results." Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010: AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, USA, July 25-27, 2010.

31 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

32 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

33 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

34 Bongaarts, John. "Can Family Planning Programs Reduce High Desired Family Size in Sub-Saharan Africa?." International Perspectives on on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 4 (2011): 209-216.

35 Bongaarts, John. "Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation?." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 2 (2008): 105-110.

36 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

37 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

38 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

39 Bratsberg, Linn. "Discursive legitimation and de-legitimation in Egypt." PhD, The University of Bergen, 2008.

40 Brown W, David. "Child immunization cards: essential yet underutilized in national immunization programmes." (2012) Open Vaccine Journal.

41 Castaldo, Adriana, Saskia Gent, Gunjan Sondhi, and Ann Whitehead. "Child Migration in National Surveys." (2009) Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Working Paper No. T-28.

42 Castro L, Charita. "Child labour: a public health perspective." (2010) An overview of child labour statistics.

43 Chakravarty, Abhishek. "Dam operations and infant mortality in Africa." (2010)

44 Channon, Andrew A, Jane Falkingham, and Zoe Matthews. "Sexual and reproductive health and poverty." (2010) Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health.

45 Cohen, Clara K, David E Horlacher, and F L MacKellar. "Is urbanization good for a nation’s health?." (2009)

46 Collymore, Yvette. What is domestic Violence?. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2000.

47 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

48 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

49 Cupito, Emily, and Ray Langsten. "Inclusiveness in higher education in Egypt." (2011) Higher Education.

50 Dabash, Rasha, and Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi. "Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa." (2008) Population Research Bureau.

51 Dalal, Koustuv. "Causes and consequences of violence against child labour and women in developing countries." (2008)

52 Dalal, Koustuv, Stephen Lawoko, and Bjarne Jansson. "The relationship between intimate partner violence and maternal practices to correct child behavior: a study on women in Egypt." Journal of Injury and Violence Research 2, no. 1 (2010): 25.

53 Darmstadt, Gary, Mohamed Hussein, Peter Winch, Rachel A Haws, Reginald Gipson, and Mathuram Santosham. "Practices of rural Egyptian birth attendants during the antenatal, intrapartum and early neonatal periods." Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 26, no. 1 (2008): 36.

54 Darmstadt, Gary L, Mohamed H Hussein, Peter Winch, Rachel Haws, Mohsen Lamia, Mohsen El-Said, Reginald Gipson, and Mathuram Santosham. "Neonatal home care practices in rural Egypt during the first week of life." Tropical Medicine & International Health 12, no. 6 (2007): 783-797.

55 Darroch, Jacqueline E, and Susheela Singh. Adding it up: The costs and benefits of investing in family planning and maternal and newborn health: Estimation methodology. New York City, USA: Guttmacher Institute, 2011.

56 De Bel-Air, Françoise. "Youth and Family Policies in Arab Countries and Turkey: The Political Stakes of Demography." (2016)

57 Dey, S., A. Hablas, I.A. Seifeldin, K. Ismail, M. Ramadan, H. El-Hamzawy, M.L. Wilson, M. Banerjee, P. Boffetta, and J. Harford. "Urban-rural differences of gynaecological malignancies in Egypt (1999 - 2002)." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117, no. 3 (2010): 348-355.

58 Dey, Subhojit. "Urban-rural differences of female cancers in Gharbiah, Egypt." PhD, The University of Michigan, 2009.

59 Dhaher, Enas A, Rafael T Mikolajczyk, Annette E Maxwell, and Alexander Kramer. "Attitudes toward wife beating among Palestinian women of reproductive age from three cities in West Bank." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25, no. 3 (2010): 518-537.

60 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

61 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.

62 Diamond-Smith, Nadia, and May Sudhinaraset. "Drivers of facility deliveries in Africa and Asia: regional analyses using the demographic and health surveys." Reproductive health 12, no. 1 (2015).

63 Dudwick, Nora, Katy Hull, Roy Katayama, Forhad Shilpi, and Kenneth Simler. From farm to firm: Rural-urban transition in developing countries. Washington DC, USA: World Bank, 2011.

64 Eckhardt L, Carla. "Micronutrient Malnutrition, Obesity, and Chronic Disease in Countries Undergoing the Nutrition Transition: Potential Links and Program/Policy Implications." (2006) Food Consumption and Nutrition Division .

65 El Nouman, A., D. El Derwi, R.A. Hai, and H.A. Zeina. "Female youth health promotion model in primary health care: a community-based study in rural upper Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean health journal 15, no. 6 (2009): 1513.

66 El-Zeini O, Laila. "The status of fertility transition in Egypt and Morocco: Explaining the differences." 26th IUSSP International Population Conference. Marrakech, Morocco, 2009.

67 Elmahdy, Heba Elmahdy Saied. "Study of the possible relation between skin tags and obesity in Egypt." Masters, Ain Shams University, 2011.

68 Emam, Ekbal, Abeer EL-Maghawri, and Shokria Labeeb. "Cultural awareness about female genital mutilation among female employees of Minia University." Journal of American Science 7, no. 4 (2011).

69 Fahmy, Howaida H, and Seham I El Rahman. "Determinants and health consequences of domestic violence among women in reproductive age at Zagazig District, Egypt." The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 83, no. 1-2 (2008): 87.

70 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

71 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

72 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

73 Finlay, Jocelyn E, Emre Ozaltin, and David Canning. "The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births: evidence from 55 low-and middle-income countries." BMJ Open 1, no. 2 (2011).

74 Fumagalli, Elena. "Three essays in health and social participation." PhD, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia , 2010.

75 Fuse, Kana. "Cross-national variation in attitudinal measures of gender preference for children: An examination of Demographic and Health Surveys from 40 countries." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

76 Gayawan, Ezra, Samson B Adebayo, Reuben A Ipinyomi, and Benjamin A Oyejola. "Modeling fertility curves in Africa." Demographic Research 22, no. 10 (2010): 211-236.

77 Goujon, Anne, Huda Alkitkat, Wolfgang Lutz, Isolde Prommer, and Leen Hordijk. Population and human capital growth in Egypt: Projections for governorates to 2051. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Registration number: ZVR 524808900 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2007.

78 Gressani, Daniela, Emmanuela Mbi, Mustapha Nabli, Miria Pigato, and Sherine Al-Shawarby. Arab Republic of Egypt: Poverty assessment update. : World Bank, 2007.

79 Grim J, Brian. "Triangulating the world’s most dynamic religious market: Africa using a Quanti-Qualitative Method (QQM)." Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture (ASREC) Annual Conference. Washington, DC, USA, November 2, 2007.

80 Grogan, Louise, and Asha Sadanand. "Electrification and the household." (2009)

81 Guarcello, Lorenzo, Irina Kovrova, Scott Lyon, Marco Manacorda, and Furio C Rosati. "Towards consistency in child labour measurement: Assessing the comparability of estimates generated by different survey instruments." (2010) Understanding Children's Work Programme Working Paper.

82 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

83 Gunther, Isabel, and Kenneth Harttgen. "Deadly cities? A note on spatial inequalities in mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." German Development Economics Conference. Berlin, Germany, 2011.

84 Haidar, J. "Prevalence of anaemia, deficiencies of iron and folic acid and their determinants in Ethiopian women." Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 28, no. 4 (2010): 359.

85 Hailat, M., and F. Peracchi. "Household environment and child health in Egypt." (2011)

86 Harbour, C. "Smoking and normative influence among Egyptian youth: A review of the literature." EMHJ 17, no. 4 (2009).

87 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

88 Hashi, Khadija, Leyla Sharafi, and Barbara Ryan. A holistic approach to the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting. New York, New York: UNFPA, 2007.

89 Hefni, Mohammed, and Cornelia Witthoft. "Increasing the folate content in Egyptian baladi bread using germinated wheat flour." LWT-Food Science and Technology 44, no. 3 (2011): 706-712.

90 Hefni, Mohammed, Veronica Öhrvika, Mohamed Tabekha, and Cornelia Witthoft. "Folate content in foods commonly consumed in Egypt." Food Chemistry 121, no. 2 (2010): 540-545.

91 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

92 Hlasny, Vladimir. "Evolution of Opportunities for Early Childhood Development in Arab Countries." (2016)

93 Hosny A, Farid. "The structure and importance of the commercial and village based poultry systems in Egypt." (2006) Poultry Sector Country Review.

94 Huber, John D, Thomas K Ogorzalek, and Radhika Gore. "Democracy, targeted redistribution and ethnic inequality." (2012)

95 Ibisomi, Latifat D, Clifford O Odimegwu, Alfred T Otieno, and Murungaru Kimani. "Degree of preference implementation and fertility changes in developing countries." XXV International Population Conference. Tours, France, July 18-23, 2005.

96 Ibrahim, Solvava. "Expanding individual capabilities through the collectivity: The case of anti-FGM women groups in Egypt." (2008)

97 Ibrahim, Walaa, A.M. Makhlouf, Mervat Khamis, and Entisar Youness. "Effect of prophylactic antibiotics (Cephalosporin versus Amoxicillin) on preventing post caesarean section infection." Journal of American Science 7, no. 5 (2011).

98 Ibrahim Awadalla, Hala. "Contraception use among Egyptian women: results from Egypt Demographic and Health Survey in 2005." Journal of Reproduction and Infertility 13, no. 3 (2012): 167-173.

99 Jones-Smith, Jessica C, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Arjumand Siddiqi, and Barry M Popkin. "Cross-national comparisons of time trends in overweight inequality by socioeconomic status among women using repeated cross-sectional surveys from 37 developing countries, 1989-2007." American journal of epidemiology 173, no. 6 (2011): 667.

100 Khadr, Z. "Monitoring socioeconomic inequity in maternal health indicators in Egypt: 1995-2005." International Journal for Equity in Health 8, no. 1 (2009): 38.

101 Kharboush, Ibrahim, Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi, Hanaa Ismail, Heba Mamdouh, Yasmin Muhammad, May M Tawfik, Omnia El Sharkawy, and Hassan Sallam. "Spousal violence in Egypt." (2010) Population Reference Bureau.

102 Khawaja, M, N Choueiry, and R Jurdi. "Hospital-based caesarean section in the Arab region: an overview." Eastern Mediterranean health journal= La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale= al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 15, no. 2 (2009): 458.

103 Khorshid, Motaz, Ahmed Kamaly, Heba El-Laithy, and Sohair El-Enein. Realizing the Millennium Development Goals through socially inclusive macroeconomic policies: The Arab Republic of Egypt. 2011.

104 Kosec, Katrina. "Child health implications of water sector policies in Africa." (2009)

105 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)

106 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

107 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.

108 Labib, N.Y., M.M. Mortada, W.W. Guirguis, and H.M Abd El Aziz. "Cesarean section deliveries in one health insurance hospital in Alexandria." (2007)

109 Langsten, Ray, and Tahra Hassan. "Education transitions in Egypt: The effects of gender and wealth." 2009 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. 2009.

110 Lloyd B, Cynthia. "Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation." (2010) 7. The role of schools in promoting sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in developing countries.

111 Lohiniva, Anna, Mohamed Saeed, Nasr El-Sayeed, and Maha Talaat. "Clean hands: prevention of typhoid fever in rural communities in Egypt." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 28, no. 3 (2007): 215-227.

112 Malarcher, Shawn. "A view of sexual and reproductive health through the equity lens." (2010) Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health.

113 Malarcher, Shawn. "Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation." (2010) 1. A view of sexual and reproductive health through the equity lens.

114 Malarcher, Shawn, L G Olson, and Norman Hearst. "Equity, social determinants and public health programmes." (2010) 10. Unintended pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: equity and social determinants.

115 Mansour, Shawky, David Martin, and Jim Wright. "Problems of spatial linkage of a geo-referenced Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) dataset to a population census: A case study of Egypt." (2011) Computers, Environment and Urban Systems.

116 Mansour, Shawky Abou Elghit Ali. "Developing GIS analysis techniques for the measurement of safe drinking water access." PhD, University of Southampton, 2011.

117 Mascarenhas, Maya N, Hoiwan Cheung, Colin D Mathers, and Gretchen A Stevens. "Measuring infertility in populations: constructing a standard definition for use with demographic and reproductive health surveys." Population Health Metrics 10, no. 1 (2012): 17.

118 Mohsen, Afaf Salah Abdel, Hanaa Abdel, and Fathia Gamal. Childhood anemia: Prevalence and its effect on scholastic achievement. 2011.

119 Molleman, Gerard, and Lilian Franse. "The struggle for abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in Egypt." Global health promotion 16, no. 1 (2009): 57-60.

120 Monazea, Eman, and Ekram Khalek. "Spousal violence against Egyptian women and its impact on reproductive indicators." Journal of American Science 7, no. 6 (2011).

121 Moradi, Alexander. "Selective mortality or growth after childhood? What really is key to understand the puzzlingly tall adult heights in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) CSAE Working Paper Series.

122 Ncube, Mthuli, and Abebe Shimeles. "The making of the middle class in Africa." (2012)

123 Nubé, Maarten, and Benjamin GJS Sonneveld. "The geographical distribution of underweight children in Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 10 (2005): 764-770.

124 Ortayli, Nuriye, and Shawn Malarcher. "Equity analysis: identifying who benefits from family planning programs." Studies in Family Planning 41, no. 2 (2010): 101-108.

125 Osman, Magued, and Hanan Girgis. Marriage patterns in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC), The Egyptian Cabinet, 2009.

126 Ozaltin, Emre, Kenneth Hill, and S V Subramanian. "Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight, and stunting in low-to middle-income countries." JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 303, no. 15 (2010): 1507-1516.

127 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

128 Raouf, Nadine Mohamed Abdel, Noha Ahmed Abdel Aziz, Nouran Essam Hassan, and Rana Sameh Samir. Child labor in Egypt. 2011.

129 Rashad, Ahmed, and Mesbah Sharaf. "Does Economic Growth Reduce Child Malnutrition in Egypt? New Evidence from National Demographic and Health Survey." (2015)

130 Refaat, A. "Medicalization of female genital cutting in Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 15, no. 6 (2009): 1379.

131 Rico, Emily, Bridget Fenn, Tanya Abramsky, and Charlotte Watts. "Associations between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child nutrition and mortality: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys in Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda." Journal of epidemiology and community health 65, no. 4 (2011): 360-367.

132 Rutstein O, Shea. "Further evidence of the effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant, and under-five-years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

133 Sabry, Sarah. "How poverty is underestimated in Greater Cairo, Egypt." Environment and Urbanization 22, no. 2 (2010): 523.

134 Sabry, Sarah. "Poverty lines in Greater Cairo: Underestimating and misrepresenting poverty." (2009) Poverty Reduction in Urban areas Series.

135 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Testing the Kuznets curve for countries and households using the body mass index." WIDER Conference on Advancing Health Equity. Helsinki, Finland, September 29-30, 2006.

136 Sebastian, Ashwini. "Is divorce a credible threat? Unilateral separation laws, household bargaining and women’s labor in Egypt." (2011) Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland.

137 Sedgh, Gilda, Rubina Hussain, Akinrinola Bankole, and Susheela Singh. Women with an unmet need for contraception in developing countries and their reasons for not using a method. New York, USA: Guttmacher Institute, 2007.

138 Seedhom, Amany Edward. "Sociodemographic associations of intimate partner violence against women in a rural area, El-Minia governorate, Egypt, 2010." (2011) Journal of Public Health.

139 Sen, Gita, Piroska Ostlin, and Asha George. Unequal, unfair, ineffective and inefficient. Gender inequity in health: why it exists and how we can change it. : WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2007.

140 Serag, Hani, Amal Sabri, Abdel-Mawla Ismail, Kabir Karim, and Azza Sallam. Voices from urban settings in Egypt. : Association for Health and Environmental Development (AHED), 2007.

141 Shapiro, David, Amanda Kreider, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. "Stalling of fertility transitions and socioeconomic change in the developing world: evidence from the demographic and health surveys." 36th Chaire Quetelet, Annual Symposium in Demography. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium, November, 2010.

142 Sharaf, Mesbah, and Ahmed Rashad. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Infant Mortality in Egypt: Analyzing Trends between 1995 and 2014." (2015)

143 Shawky, S. "Could the employment-based targeting approach serve Egypt in moving towards a social health insurance model?." Eastern Mediterranean health journal 16, no. 6 (2010): 663.

144 Smits, Jeroen, and Roel Steendijk. "The International Wealth Index (IWI)." (2012)

145 Soliman, Amr, Katharine Allen, An-Chi Lo, Mousumi Banerjee, Ahmed Hablas, Abdellatif Benider, Nadya Benchekroun, Salwa Samir, Hoda G Omar, Sofia Merajver, and Patricia Mullan. "Differences in reliability of reproductive history recall among women in North Africa." (2009) International Electronic Journal of Health Education.

146 Spierings, Niels. "The economics of Middle Eastern households and women’s employment: Understanding the patriarchal gender contract." Middle East Economics Association, 2010 International Conference. Istanbul, Turkey, 2010.

147 Spierings, Niels. ‘Arab’ or ‘established’ Democracies? Egypt’s and Tunisia’s post-revolutions elections. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Radboud University, 2011.

148 Stover, John, and John Ross. "How increased contraceptive use has reduced maternal mortality." Maternal and child health journal 14, no. 5 (2010): 687-695.

149 Sullivan M, Jeremiah. "An assessment of the credibility of child mortality declines estimated from DHS mortality rates." (2008) UNICEF (report draft).

150 Sutherland, Elizabeth G, Conrad Otterness, and Barbara Janowitz. "What happens to contraceptive use after injectables are introduced? An analysis of 13 countries." International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 37, no. 4 (2011): 202-208.

151 Suzuki, C., and D. Meekers. "Determinants of support for female genital cutting among ever-married women in Egypt." Global Public Health 3, no. 4 (2008): 383-398.

152 Suzuki, Emi, Mona Sharan, and Eduard Bos. Poverty and health monitoring report. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition & Population (HNP), 2012.

153 Victora, Cesar G, Mercedes de Onis, Pedro C Hallal, Monika Blossner, and Roger Shrimpton. "Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions." Pediatrics 125, no. 3 (2010): 473-480.

154 Wang, Wenjuan, Shanxiao Wang, Thomas Pullum, and Paul Ametepi. How family planning supply and the service environment affect contraceptive use: FIndings from four East African countries: DHS analytical studies 26. Maryland, USA: USAID, 2012.

155 Wiesmann, Doris, Ann K Sost, Iris Schoninger, Howard Dalzell, Lynnda Kiess, Tom Arnold, and Steve Collins. The challenge of hunger 2007: Global hunger index. : Intl Food Policy Res Inst, 2007.

156 Wils, Annababette, Yijie Zhao, and Ash Hartwell. "Looking below the surface: Reaching the out-of-school children." (2006) Education Policy Data Center Working Papers.

157 Wright, J., and S.W. Gundry. "Household characteristics associated with home water treatment: an analysis of the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey.." Journal of water and health 7, no. 1 (2009): 21.

158 Wright, Jim A, Hong Yang, and Kate Walker. "Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘dry season’ bias?." (2011) Population, Space and Place.

159 Xu, Ke, Priyanka Saksena, and David B Evans. "Health financing and access to effective interventions." (2010) World Heath Report Background Paper.

160 Yasin, Shima Kamal. "Socioeconomic and bio-demographic determinants of infant mortality in Egypt." Masters, University of Witwatersrand, 2009.

161 Yavuz, Sutay. "A comparative analysis of adolescent fertility in Morocco, Egypt and Turkey." Journal of Geographic Sciences 10, no. 2 (2012): 111-127.

162 Yavuz, Sutaz. "Changes in adolescent childbearing in Morocco, Egypt and Turkey." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

163 Yount, K M, and L Li. "Domestic violence and obesity in Egyptian women." (2010) Journal of Biological Science.

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