| Author(s) |
Central Statistics Department |
| Date |
2000-06-15 |
| Country |
Gambia |
| Language |
English |
| Contributor(s) |
ILO UNDP |
| Description |
The 1998 National Household Poverty Survey Report is based on a nationwide poverty survey which was conducted in March and April of 1998 by the Central Statistics Department. The study was commissioned by the Strategy for Poverty Alleviation Coordinating Office (SPACO), Department of State for Finance and Economic Affairs. The report is an integral element of the National Poverty Monitoring System which is designed to track selected socioeconomic indicators at the household level in order to establish the incidence, nature and characteristics of poverty in The Gambia. The current study will constitute the baseline against which future surveys will be assessed. |
| Table of contents |
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i
BACKGROUND i
KEY FINDINGS i
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS i
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE GAMBIAN SITUATION 1
1.2 THE ECONOMY 1
1.3 POLITICAL FRAMEWORK 1
1.4 POPULATION 1
1.5 SOCIO-CULTURAL SITUATION 1
1.6 PREVIOUS POVERTY STUDIES 1
2 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES 1
2.1 1998 HOUSEHOLD POVERTY SURVEY: DESCRIPTION 1
2.1.1 SURVEY DESIGN 1
2.1.2 SAMPLE SELECTION 1
2.1.3 OPERATIONALISING THE SAMPLE 1
2.1.4 TRAINING OF FIELD STAFF 1
2.1.5 DATA COLLECTION 1
2.1.6 HOUSEHOLD LISTING 1
2.1.7 PARTS ONE AND TWO OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 1
2.1.8 DATA PROCESSING 1
2.1.9 ERRORS AND DATA QUALITY 1
2.1.10 DATA CLEANING AND ANALYSIS 1
2.2 OTHER SOURCES 1
3 POVERTY MEASUREMENT 1
3.1 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 1
3.2 IMPUTING VALUES 1
3.3 POVERTY 1
3.3.1 CONCEPTS 1
3.3.2 DEFINITIONS 1
3.4 SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPING 1
3.5 UNITS OF ANALYSIS 1
3.5.1 HOUSEHOLD 1
3.5.2 ADULT EQUIVALENT UNIT 1
3.5.3 PER CAPITA 1
3.5.4 REFERENCE PERSON 1
3.6 OTHER CONSTRUCTED POVERTY MEASURES 1
3.6.1 SUBJECTIVE POVERTY LINE 1
3.6.2 RELATIVE POVERTY LINE 1
3.6.3 UNMET BASIC NEEDS (UBN) 1
3.7 CONCLUSION 1
4 POVERTY STATUS 1
4.1 POVERTY LINES 1
4.1.1 THE BASIC FOOD CONSUMPTION BASKET 1
4.1.2 ITEMS, QUANTITIES AND PRICES OF THE FOOD POVERTY LINE 1
4.1.3 BASIC NON-FOOD CONSUMPTION BASKET 1
4.2 INCIDENCE OF POVERTY IN THE GAMBIA 1
4.2.1 THE POOR 1
4.2.2 INCIDENCE OF POVERTY WITHIN SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS (SEGs) 1
4.2.3: DEPTH AND SEVERITY OF POVERTY 1
4.3 TRENDS IN POVERTY 1
4.3.1 THE FOOD BASKET 1
4.3.2 NON-FOOD BASKET 1
4.3.3 POVERTY LINES 1
4.3.4 TRENDS IN INCIDENCE OF POVERTY WITHIN SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS (SEGs) 1
4.3.5 DIVISIONAL INCIDENCE OF POVERTY 1
4.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE POVERTY LINES 1
4.4.1 CHANGES IN POVERTY INCIDENCE ALTERING COMPUTED FPL AND OPL BY ± 5 PER CENT 1
4.5 ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF COMPUTING POVERTY LINES 1
4.5.1 THE SUBJECTIVE POVERTY LINE 1
4.5.2 ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE 1
4.5.3 RELATIVE POVERTY LINE 1
4.6 INCOME INEQUALITY 1
4.6.1 INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS 1
4.6.2 MEASURING INEQUALITY 1
4.7 NON-INCOME MEASURES OF POVERTY 1
4.7.1 UNMET BASIC NEEDS 1
4.7.2 HUMAN POVERTY 1
4.8 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
5 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1
5.1. HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION 1
5.2 CHILDREN IN POVERTY 1
5.3 HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PATTERN 1
5.4 FINANCING OF CONSUMPTION 1
5.5 AVERAGE ANNUAL CASH EARNINGS BY EXPENDITURE QUINTILES 1
5.6 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY 1
5.7 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POVERTY AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1
5.8 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
6 MACRO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 1
6.1 IMPACT OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 1
6.2 FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLANS, ERP, PSD, SPA, VISION 2020 1
6.3 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAMMES 1
6.4 FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICIES 1
6.4.1 RURAL URBAN TERMS OF TRADE 1
6.5 SECTORAL POLICIES IN SUPPORT OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION 1
6.5.1 EDUCATION 1
6.5.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION 1
6.5.3 POPULATION 1
6.5.4 GENDER 1
6.5.5 ENVIRONMENT 1
6.5.6 DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1
6.5.7 AGRICULTURE 1
6.5.8 GOVERNANCE 1
7 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 1
7.1 EMPLOYMENT 1
7.1.1 DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND POVERTY CATEGORY 1
7.1.2 DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND DIVISION 1
7.1.3 DISTRIBUTION OF UNEMPLOYED PERSONS 1
7.1.4 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY OCCUPATION 1
7.1.5 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY GENDER, EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND POVERTY CATEGORY 1
7.1.6 MEAN EARNINGS BY INDUSTRY AND POVERTY CATEGORY 1
7.1.7 DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS IN THE NON-AGRICULTURAL INFORMAL SECTOR 1
7.1.8 WORKING CHILDREN 1
7.2 NON FARM ENTERPRISES 1
7.2.1 OUTPUT AND ASSETS 1
7.2.2 INCOME AND NON-FARM ENTERPRISES 1
7.2.3 INCOME FROM NON FARM ENTERPRISES AND POVERTY 1
7.2.4 VALUE OF ASSETS ACROSS POVERTY CATEGORIES 1
7.2.5 VALUE OF ASSETS ACROSS DIVISIONS 1
7.2.6 EMPLOYMENT IN NON-FARM ENTERPRISES 1
7.2.7 NON-FARM ENTERPRISES AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE 1
7.2.8 ACCESS TO TRAINING BY NON-FARM ENTERPRISE OWNERS 1
7.2.9 ACCESS TO LOANS 1
7.3 HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 1
7.3.1 CROP PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS 1
7.3.2 FOOD AVAILABILITY 1
7.3.3 CROP GROWING HOUSEHOLDS USE OF FARM INPUTS AND EXTENSION SERVICES 1
7.3.4 ROLE OF WOMEN IN CROP PRODUCTION 1
7.3.5 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS 1
7.3.6 ROLE OF WOMEN IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 1
7.3.7 LAND OWNERSHIP 1
7.4 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
8 NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1
8.1 NUTRITION 1
8.1.1 HEIGHT FOR AGE 1
8.1.2 WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT 1
8.1.3 WEIGHT FOR AGE 1
8.1.4 MOTHER'S EDUCATION AND CHILDREN'S NUTRITIONAL STATUS 1
8.2 ACCESS TO HEALTH FACILITIES 1
8.2.1 INCIDENCE OF HEALTH CONSULTATIONS 1
8.2.2 REASONS FOR CONSULTATIONS 1
8.2.3 REASONS FOR NON CONSULTATION 1
8.2.4 HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS 1
8.2.5 EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH 1
8.2.6 WAITING AND TRAVEL TIMES 1
8.3 INFANT MORTALITY 1
8.4 FERTILITY 1
8.4.1 CHILDREN EVER BORN ALIVE 1
8.4.2 TOTAL FERTILITY RATES 1
8.5 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
9 EDUCATION 1
9.1 ENROLMENT RATES BY LEVEL OF SCHOOLING 1
9.2 DROP OUT RATES 1
9.3 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION 1
9.4 LITERACY RATES 1
9.5 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND EARNINGS 1
9.6 ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 1
9.7 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
10 ACCESS TO FACILITIES AND OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES 1
10.1 HOUSING 1
10.1.1 TENURE AND POVERTY 1
10.1.2 TENURE AND DIVISION 1
10.1.3 QUALITY OF HOUSING 1
10.1.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND POVERTY 1
10.1.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND DIVISION 1
10.1.6 OCCUPANCY ACROSS DIVISION BY POVERTY CATEGORY 1
10.2 WATER AND SANITATION 1
10.2.1 DRINKING WATER 1
10.2.2 SANITATION 1
10.3 ENERGY 1
10.3.1 LIGHTING FUEL 1
10.3.2 COOKING FUEL 1
10.4 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
11 EMPOWERMENT 1
11.1 OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS 1
11.1.1 DISTRIBUTION BY POVERTY CATEGORY 1
11.1.2 DISTRIBUTION BY URBAN CATEGORY 1
11.2 ACCESS TO CREDIT FACILITIES 1
11.3 ACCESS TO MARKETS 1
11.4 AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 1
11.5 ACCESS TO DEVELOPMENT-ORIENTED COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS 1
11.6 WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC DECISION MAKING 1
11.7 ENVIRONMENT 1
11.7.1 PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES 1
11.7.2 ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT 1
11.8 SUMMARY PROFILES OF THE POOR 1
12 EMERGING ISSUES 1
12.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 1
12.1.1 OVERALL POLICY OBJECTIVES OF THE SECTOR 1
12.1.2 PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE 1
12.2 REFUGEES AND MIGRATION 1
12.2.1 THE REFUGEE SITUATION 1
12.2.2 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 1
12.2.3 RURAL URBAN MIGRATION 1
12.3 YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT 1
12.4 HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC 1
12.4.1 POLICY IMPLICATIONS 1
13 POVERTY POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES 1
13.1 REVIEW OF PAST ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMMES 1
13.2 STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION 1
13.3 NATIONAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME 1
13.3.1 MACRO LEVEL INTERVENTIONS 1
13.3.2 TARGETED MICRO LEVEL INTERVENTIONS 1
13.3.3 POVERTY MONITORING 1
13.4 EXPECTED IMPACT OF POVERTY PROGRAMMES 1
13.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF POVERTY PROGRAMMES 1
14 CONCLUSION 1
REFERENCES 1
APPENDIX 1 SURVEY FORMS 1
APPENDIX 2 ADDITIONAL TABLES 1
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES 1
CHAPTER 4 POVERTY STATUS 1
CHAPTER 5 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1
CHAPTER 7 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 1
CHAPTER 9 EDUCATION 1
CHAPTER 10 ACCESS TO FACILITIES AND OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES 1
APPENDIX 3 SAMPLE ENUMERATION AREAS 1 |
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