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Longitudinal Socioeconomic Study of Refugees and Host Communities 2022-2024
Wave 1 and 2

Kenya, 2022 - 2024
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Reference ID
KEN_2022-2024_K-LSRH_v01_M
Producer(s)
Precious Zikhali, Nistha Sinha, Utz Pape, Theresa Beltramo, Edward Miguel
Metadata
DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Mar 12, 2026
Last modified
Mar 12, 2026

Data file: rr

Individual-level modules

Cases: 18241
Variables: 1064

Variables

b6_birthplace
4. Where were you born?
b6_refugeebefore
5. Were you a refugee/migrant in another country before moving to Kenya?
b6_country
6. Which country were you a refugee/migrant?
b6_returnorigcountry
7. Have you tried returning to your country since first displaced?
b6_returnorigcountryno
8. Since January 2016, how many times have you returned to country of origin?
b6_travelledwith_spouse
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Spouse
b6_travelledwith_parents
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Parents
b6_travelledwith_siblings
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Siblings
b6_travelledwith_children
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Children
b6_travelledwith_inlaws
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - In-laws
b6_travelledwith_otherfam
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Other family members
b6_travelledwith_friends
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Friends
b6_travelledwith_villagers
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Other people from your village
b6_travelledwith_noone
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - No one
b6_travelledwith_other
9. Travelled with: Other
b6_travelledwith_declined
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - Declined
b6_travelledwith_dk
9. Who came with you to Kenya? - DK
b6_livedinkenya_spouse
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Spouse
b6_livedinkenya_parents
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Parents
b6_livedinkenya_siblings
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Siblings
b6_livedinkenya_children
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Children
b6_livedinkenya_inlaws
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - In-laws
b6_livedinkenya_otherfam
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Other family members
b6_livedinkenya_friends
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Friends
b6_livedinkenya_villagers
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - Other people from village
b6_livedinkenya_noone
10. Who was in the area when you arrived in Kenya? - No one known to respondent
b6_livedinkenya_other
10. Lived in Kenya before: Other
b6_leavingpreparation
11. How long before leaving [Origin Country] did you start preparing?
b6_knewpeople
12. How many non-household members did you know in the area here when you moved?
b6_returnorgina
Not administered in this wave
b6_returnorginb
Not administered in this wave
b6_currentreside
14. Does this respondent currently live in a refugee camp?
b6_oftendepartcamp
15. How often do you leave the camp?
b6_reasondepartcamp
16. On your last time outside the camp, why did you leave the camp?
b6_livedrefugeecampke
18. Have you ever lived in a refugee camp in Kenya?
b6_reasonleave
19. Why did you leave the camp?
b6_maininfosource
20. What is your main source of information about your country of origin?
b6_preferobtaininfo
21. Would you prefer other ways to get information about your country of origin?
b6_otherinfosource_radio
22. Other ways you like to get information: Radio
b6_otherinfosource_tv
22. Other ways you like to get information: TV
b6_otherinfosource_internet
22. Other ways you like to get information: Internet and social media
b6_otherinfosource_written
22. Other ways you like to get information: Written (eg. letters)
b6_otherinfosource_newspaper
22. Other ways you like to get information: Newspapers/magazines/bulletins
b6_otherinfosource_elders
22. Other ways you like to get information: Community leaders/elders
b6_otherinfosource_family
22. Other ways you like to get information: Family and friends
b6_otherinfosource_leaders
22. Other ways you like to get information: Religious leaders
b6_otherinfosource_politicians
22. Other ways you like to get information: Politicians
b6_otherinfosource_ngos
22. Other ways you like to get information: Charities, NGO, UN
b6_otherinfosource_committees
22. Other ways you like to get information: Site Management Committees
b6_otherinfosource_other
22. Other ways you like to get information: Other
b6_otherinfosource_declined
22. Other ways you like to get information: Declined
b6_otherinfosource_dk
22. Other ways you like to get information: Don’t know
b6_naturaldisasterdisplace
23. In the past 12 months, were you displaced due to a natural disaster?
b6_whichdisaster
23a. What was the disaster?
b6_disasterduration_day
23b. When did this disaster take place? - Day
b6_disasterduration_mnth
23b. When did this disaster take place? - Month
b6_disasterduration_year
23b. When did this disaster take place? - Year
b7_trustworthyneighbor
1.Do you feel that people in this neighborhood are trustworthy?
b7_trustworthyrefugee
2a.Do you feel that most people in the REFUGEE community are trustworthy?
b7_trustworthyhost
2b.Do you feel that most people in the HOST community are trustworthy?
b7_trustworthyrefugeediff
2c.Do you feel that most REFUGEES from a DIFFERENT tribe/clan are trustworthy?
b7_trustworthyrefugeesame
2d.Do you feel that most REFUGEES from a SAME tribe/clan are trustworthy?
b7_safevisitcity
3.Would you feel safe if you went to City/Town Centre by yourself?
b7_socialiserefugee
4a.Comfortable if your child/grandchild socialize with REFUGEE children?
b7_socialisehost
4b.Comfortable if your child/grandchild socialize with HOST children?
b7_socialrefugeediff
4c.Comfortable if children socialize with REFUGEE children of DIFFERENT tribe?
b7_daywalkarea
5.Do you feel safe walking alone in your area/neighbourhood during the day?
b7_nightwalkarea
6.Do you feel safe walking alone in your area/neighbourhood at night?
b7_crimeinarea
7.Are crimes common in your neighborhood/areas?
b7_opinionleadership
8.You feel able to express your opinion via the community leadership structure
b7_wellbeingdecisions
9.You feel your opinion is considered for decisions which affect your well-being
b7_interaction12months
10.Interacted with the local leadership to help solve a community problem
b7_politicalsystemsay
11.Kenya's political system allows people like me opinions on government actions
b7_hhintercatneighbor
12.Last week: you/any household member interacted with the neighboring community
b7_hhinteractneighborcommm
12a.In the last 7 days: how many times interacted?
b7_kenyanfriends
13.Of all your friends, how many of them are Kenyans?
b7_refugeefriends
14.Of all your friends, how many of them are refugees?
b7_refugeesamecountry
15a.How many of your refugee friends are from the same country as you?
b7_refugeedifferentcountry
15b.How many of your refugee friends are from a different country than yours?
b7_refugeefriendsdiffethnic
15c.How many of your refugee friends are from a different tribe/clan than you?
b7_feelkenyahome
16.Scale 1 to 10: how much do you feel that Kenya is your home?
b7_origincountryishome
16b.Scale of 1 to 10: how much do you feel that your origin ctry is your home?
b7_origincountryishom
Not administered in this wave
b7_trusthostcommunity
17a.Scale 1 to 10: how much do you trust people from the host community?
b7_trustsameethnic
17b.Scale 1 to 10: how much do you trust refugees from your same tribe/clan?
b7_trustdifferentethnic
17c.Scale 1 to 10: how much do you trust refugees from a different tribe/clan?
b7_rrdescription
18. Which specific group do you feel you belong to first and foremost?
b7_ownculturaltradition
Not administered in this wave
b7_engagesocactivies
Not administered in this wave
b7_refugeefriends2
Not administered in this wave
b7_learnsources_newspaper
19a.Sources to get information: Daily newspaper
b7_learnsources_tvnews
19b.Sources to get information: TV news
b7_learnsources_radionews
19c.Sources to get information: Radio news
b7_learnsources_mobilephone
19d.Sources to get information: Mobile phone
b7_learnsources_whatsapp
19e.Sources to get information: WhatsApp
b7_learnsources_email
19f.Sources to get information: Email
b7_learnsources_internet
19g.Sources to get information: Internet
b7_learnsources_socialmedia
19h.Sources to get information: Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.)
b7_learnsources_talk
19i.Sources to get information: Talk with friends or colleagues
b7_learnsources_youtube
19j.Sources to get information: YouTube channels TV
b7_nodaysreadnewspaper
20.Last week, how many days did you read a news source on the Internet?
b7_politicsinterest
21.How interested would you say you are in politics?
b7_politicaldiscussionfreq
22.Would you say you discuss political matters with your friends
b7_acquirejustice
23.People like me cannot get justice in this country
b7_multiscale_need_so
24a.There is a special person who is around when I am in need
b7_multiscale_joy_so
24b.There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and sorrows
b7_multiscale_family_fam
24c.My family really tries to help me
b7_multiscale_support_fam
24d.I get the emotional help and support I need from my family
b7_multiscale_comformt_so
24e.I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me
b7_multiscale_help_fr
24f.My friends really try to help me
b7_multiscale_friends_fr
24g.I can count on my friends when things go wrong
b7_multiscale_friend_fam
24h.I can talk about my problems with my family
b7_multiscale_sorrows_fr
24i.I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows
b7_multiscale_feelings_so
24j.There is a special person in my life who cares about my feelings
b7_multiscale_decisions_fam
24k.My family is willing to help me make decisions
b7_multiscale_problems_fr
24l.I can talk about my problems with my friends
b7_membership_women
25a.Member of: Women's/men's group
b7_membership_farmer
25b.Member of: Farmer / agricultural group
b7_membership_water
25c.Member of: Water group / well committee
b7_membership_church
25d.Member of: Church or religious organization
b7_membership_school
25e.Member of: School committee or club (either as a student or parent)
b7_membership_sport
25f.Member of: Sport or recreational organization
b7_membership_art
25g.Member of: Art, music or educational organization
b7_membership_laborunion
25h.Member of: Labor Union
b7_membership_political
25i.Member of: Political party
b7_membership_environment
25j.Member of: Environmental organization
b7_membership_professional
25k.Member of: Professional association
b7_membership_charititable
25l.Member of: Humanitarian or charitable organization
b7_membership_consumer
25m.Member of: Consumer organization
b7_membership_selfhelp
25n.Member of: Self-help group, mutual aid group
b7_membership_refugee
25o.Member of: Refugee leadership group
b7_membership_ethnic
Not administered in this wave
b7_membership_other
25p.Member of: Another community group
b7_status1
Status
b7_numberlearnsource_cat
Number of information sources used
b7_atleast1source
Used at least one source of information
b7_multsupscore
MSPSS Total Score
b7_multsupsoscore
MSPSS significant other Score
b7_multsupfamscore
MSPSS family Score
b7_multsupfrscore
MSPSS friends Score
b7_actemember_cat
Number of groups of which you are an active member
b7_inactmember
see notes
b7_nomember
see notes
b7_atleast1group
Active in at least 1 group
b7_neighborhoodsafe
Indicator for RR agrees or strongly agrees they feel safe walking alone in their
b8_illness_fever
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (A) Fever
b8_illness_cough
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (B) Cough for more than two weeks
b8_illness_tired
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (C) Always feeling tired
b8_illness_stomachpain
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (D) Stomach pain
b8_illness_worms
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (E) Worms
b8_illness_bloodinstool
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (F) Blood in stool
b8_illness_weightloss
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (G) Rapid weight loss
b8_illness_diarrhea
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (H) Frequent diarrhea
b8_illness_skinrash
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (I) Skin rash or irritation
b8_illness_sores
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (J) Open sores / boils
b8_illness_diffswallowing
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (K) Difficulty Swallowing
b8_illness_seriouswound
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (L) Serious wound or injury
b8_illness_malaria
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (M) Malaria
b8_illness_typhoid
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (N) Typhoid
b8_illness_tuberculosis
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (O) Tuberculosis
b8_illness_ulcers
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (P) Sores or ulcers on the genitals
b8_illness_cholera
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (Q) Cholera
b8_illness_yellowfever
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (R) Yellow fever
b8_illness_asthma
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (S1) Asthma
b8_illness_breathlessness
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (S2) Breathlessness at night
b8_illness_excessurination
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (T) Frequent and excessive urination
b8_illness_constantthirst
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (U) Constant thirst / increased drink
b8_illness_diabetes
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (V) Diabetes
b8_illness_cancer
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (Y) Cancer
b8_illness_discharge
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? -(W) Unusual discharge from the penis
b8_illness_covid19
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (Y) COVID-19
b8_illness_lossoftaste
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (Z) Loss of taste
b8_illness_diffbreathing
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (ZA) Difficulty in Breathing
b8_illness_anythingelse
1. Had this illness in the last 4 weeks? - (ZB) Anything else I have not mention
b8_novisitshospital
2. How many times did you visit a hospital or clinic in the last 4 weeks?
b8_visit_puplic
3. Were your visits to Private hospitals/ clinics?
b8_visit_private
3. Were your visits to public hospitals/clinics?
b8_visit_ngo
3. Were your visits to NGO hospitals/ clinics?
b8_novisitphar
Not administered in this wave
b8_novisittradionalhealer
3a. How many times did you visit a traditional healer in the last 4 weeks?
b8_sleepbednetlastnight
4. Did you sleep under a bednet last night?
b8_nodayabsentwork
5.How many days did you miss work/school in the last 4 weeks due to poor health?
b8_yourgeneralhealth
6. Would you describe your general health as good, fair, poor, or very poor?
b8_evertestedpositivecovid
7. Have you ever tested positive for COVID-19?
b8_child_evervaccine
Not administered in this wave
b8_hhttestedpositivecovid
8. Have any of your household members tested positive for COVID-19?
b8_nohhtestedpositivecovid
9. How many household members tested positive for COVID-19?
b8_receivedcovidvaccine
10. Have you received the COVID-19 vaccine?
b8_hhreceivedcovidvaccine
11. Have any of your household members received the COVID-19 vaccine?
b8_nohhreceivecovidvaccine
12. How many other household members received the COVID-19 vaccine?
b8_covidvaccine_notwork
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: I don’t think it will work
b8_covidvaccine_notsafe
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: I don’t think it will be safe
b8_covidvaccine_sideeffect
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: I am worried about the side effects
b8_covidvaccine_risk
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: I am not enough at risk of contracting Covid
b8_covidvaccine_against
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: I am against vaccines in general
b8_covidvaccine_religion
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: It is against my religion
b8_covidvaccine_afraid
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: Worried to get infected at health facility
b8_covidvaccine_facility
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: Health facility too far or too hard to get to
b8_covidvaccine_time
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: I don't have time to get vaccinated
b8_covidvaccine_other
12a. Reason RR or HH no COVID vac: Other
b8_washingtongrp_diffseeing
13a. Do you have difficulty seeing, even if wearing glasses?
b8_washingtongrp_diffhearing
13b. Do you have difficulty hearing, even if using a hearing aid?
b8_washingtongrp_diffwalking
13c. Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps?
b8_washingtongrp_diffremember
13d. Do you have difficulty remembering or concentrating?
b8_washingtongrp_selfcare
13e. Do you have difficulty with self-care such as washing all over or dressing?
b8_washingtongrp_language
13f. Using your usual customary language, do you have difficulty communicating?
b8_gadbotheredby_nervous
14a. Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge over the last 2 weeks?
b8_gadbotheredby_worry
14b. Not being able to stop or control worrying over the last 2 weeks?
b8_gadbotheredby_worried
14c. Worrying too much about different things over the last 2 weeks?
b8_gadbotheredby_relaxing
14d. Trouble relaxing over the last 2 weeks?
b8_gadbotheredby_restless
14e. Being so restless that it is hard to sit still over the last 2 weeks?
b8_gadbotheredby_irritable
14f. Becoming easily annoyed or irritable over the last 2 weeks?
b8_gadbotheredby_afraid
14g. Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_interest
15a. Little interest or pleasure in doing things over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_depressed
15b. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_sleep
15c. Trouble falling/staying asleep or sleeping too much over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_tired
15d. Feeling tired or having little energy over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_appetite
15e. Poor appetite or overeating over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_bad
15f. Feeling bad about yourself or you are a failure over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_concentration
15g. Trouble concentrating on things over the last 2 weeks?
b8_phqbotheredby_speech
15h. Moving or speaking unusually slow or restless over the last 2 weeks?
b8_decidedestinyfate
16. On a scale of 1 to 10, how much control do you have over your life?
b8_satisfiedwithlife
17. On a scale of 1 to 10, how satisfied are you with your life?
b8_ladder_place
18a. Where would you place yourself on this ladder? (MacArthur ladder)
b8_ladder_achieve
18b. What place on the ladder would you like to achieve in your life?(MacArthur)
b8_perceivedstress_important
19a. How often last month did you feel unable to control important things?
b8_perceivedstress_control
19b. How often last month did you feel confident handling personal problems?
b8_perceivedstress_myway
19c. How often last month did you feel things were going your way?
b8_perceivedstress_difficulties
19d. How often last month did you feel unable to overcome difficulties?
b8_gse_a
20a.I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.
b8_gse_b
20b.If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want.
b8_gse_c
20c.It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals.
b8_gse_d
20d.I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
b8_gse_e
20e.Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations.
b8_gse_f
20f.I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.
b8_gse_g
20g.I stay calm in difficult situations because I trust my coping abilities.
b8_gse_h
20h.When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions.
b8_gse_i
20i.If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
b8_gse_j
20j.I can usually handle whatever comes my way.
b8_happiness
21. Taking everything together, how happy are you?
b8_crimevictim
22. In the past month, have you been victim of a crime?
b8_crimetype
23. What type of crime was it?
b8_needhealthservice
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_nomoney
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_nomedperson
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_turnedawayfull
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_turnedawayclosed
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_noenoughsupplies
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_facilityfar
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_fearcorona
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_travelrestrict
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_transissues
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_facilitydestroyed
Not administered in this wave
b8_unable_other
Not administered in this wave
b8_c_goodhealth
Indicator for self-reported health status good or very good
b8_c_disability1
Washington Group Disability Level 1
b8_c_disability2
Washington Group Disability Level 2
b8_c_disability3
Washington Group Disability Level 3 RECOMMENDED
b8_c_disability4
Washington Group Disability Level 4
b8_c_gad7score
GAD-7 Total Score
b8_c_gad7scorecat
GAD-7 Category
b8_c_gad7_1
Minimal anxiety 0-4
b8_c_gad7_2
Mild anxiety 5-9
b8_c_gad7_3
Moderate anxiety 10-14
b8_c_gad7_4
Severe anxiety 15-21
b8_c_gad7abovemean
GAD7 Score Equal or Above Wave-Specific Mean
b8_c_gad7abovemedian
GAD7 Score Equal or Above Wave-Specific Median
b8_c_gad7abovestratmedian
GAD7 Score Equal or Above Strata Median by Wave
b8_c_gad7abovestratmean
GAD7 Score Equal or Above Strata Mean by Wave
b8_c_phq8depressed
Likely to be depressed (PHQ8>=9)
b8_c_phq8notdep
Not at all likely to be depressed (PHQ8<=3)
b8_c_phq8scorecat
PHQ-8 Category
b8_c_phq8_1
Minimal depression 0-4
b8_c_phq8_2
Mild depression 5-9
b8_c_phq8_3
Moderate depression 10-14
b8_c_phq8_4
Moderately severe depression 15-19
b8_c_phq8_5
Severe depression 20-24
b8_c_phq8abovemean
PHQ8 Score Equal or Above Wave-Specifc Mean
b8_c_phq8abovemedian
PHQ8 Score Equal or Above Wave-Specific Median
b8_c_phq8abovestratmedian
PHQ8 Score Equal or Above Strata Median by Wave
b8_c_phq8abovestratmean
PHQ8 Score Equal or Above Strata Mean by Wave
b8_c_perceivedstress
Perceived Stress Scale Total Score
b8_c_gse
Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale
b9_evermarried
1.Have you ever been married?
b9_notimesmarrieda
Not administered in this wave
b9_notimemarried
2.How many times have you been married?
b9_marriage_age_first
4.1st marriage: What was the age of [NAME] when you married/began co-residing?
b9_marriage_age_latest
4.Last marriage: What was the age of [NAME] when you married/began co-residing?
b9_marriage_origin_first
5a.1st marriage: What is the country of origin of [NAME]?
b9_marriage_origin_latest
5a.Last marriage: What is the country of origin of [NAME]?
b9_marriage_edu_first
6.1st marriage: Highest level of education when you married/began co-residing
b9_marriage_edu_latest
6.Last marriage: Highest level of education when you married/began co-residing
b9_marriage_edulev_first
7.1st marriage: Highest level of education when you married/began co-residing
b9_marriage_edulev_latest
7.Last marriage: Highest level of education when you married/began co-residing
b9_marriage_cohabitag_first
8.1st marriage: How old were you when you married/began co-residing with [NAME]?
b9_marriage_cohabitag_latest
8.Last marriage: How old were you when you married/began co-residing with [NAME]
b9_marriage_type_first
9.1st marriage: What type of marriage was this with [NAME]?
b9_marriage_type_latest
9.Last marriage: What type of marriage was this with [NAME]?
b9_marriagereadiness_first
10.1st marriage: Did you feel ready to marry or would you have rather waited?
b9_marriagereadiness_latest
10.Last marriage: Did you feel ready to marry or would you have rather waited?
Total: 1064
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