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Longitudinal Socioeconomic Study of Refugees and Host Communities 2022-2024
Wave 1 and 2

Kenya, 2022 - 2024
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Reference ID
KEN_2022-2024_K-LSRH_v01_M
Producer(s)
Precious Zikhali, Nistha Sinha, Utz Pape, Theresa Beltramo, Edward Miguel
Metadata
DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Mar 12, 2026
Last modified
Mar 12, 2026

Data file: rr

Individual-level modules

Cases: 18241
Variables: 1064

Variables

b4_loanpurpose_other
4b. Loan purpose: Other
b4_intereloan_units
4c. Interest on most recent commercial loan taken: Unit
b4_interestloan_times
4c. Interest on most recent commercial loan taken: Units of time
b4_interestloan_amnt_shs
4c. Interest on most recent commercial loan taken: Amount
b4_q4ci_mm
Not administered in this wave
b4_q4ci_yy
Not administered in this wave
b4_loanpayment_mnth
4d. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? Month
b4_loanpayment_yr
4d. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? Year
b4_loandefault
4e. Are you currently in default on this loan?
b4_failedloan12months
4f. Have you applied for ANOTHER commercial loan in the past 12 months?
b4_loanshylock12months
5.In the past 12 months, have you taken any loans from a shylock (moneylender)?
b4_shylock_amnt
5a. What is the TOTAL AMOUNT of shylocks loans you took in the last 12 months?
b4_shylock_amnt_curr
5a. What is the CURRENCY of the shylocks loan amount?
b4_shylockpurpose_schoolfees
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: School fees or expenses
b4_shylockpurpose_childsupport
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Child support
b4_shylockpurpose_ceremony
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Ceremonies: funeral, birth, marriage
b4_shylockpurpose_medical
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Medical expenses
b4_shylockpurpose_build
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Help to buy or build a house
b4_shylockpurpose_startbiz
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Help to start a business
b4_shylockpurpose_existbiz
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Help an existing business
b4_shylockpurpose_rosca
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: To contribute to merry-go-round or ROSCA
b4_shylockpurpose_foodclothing
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: Food or clothing
b4_shylockpurpose_food
Not administered in this wave
b4_shylockpurpose_clothing
Not administered in this wave
b4_shylockpurpose_general
5b. Purpose of shylock loans: General living expenses exc. food or clothing
b4_shylockpurpose_other
5b. Loan purpose: Other
b4_shylockinterestrate_unit
5c. Interest charged on most recent shylock loan: Unit
b4_shylockinterest_time
5c. Interest charged on most recent shylock loan: Time
b4_shylockinterest_amnts
5c. Interest charged on most recent shylock loan: Amount
b4_q5ci_mm
Not administered in this wave
b4_q5ci_yy
Not administered in this wave
b4_q5d_month
5d. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? - Month
b4_q5d_year
5d. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? - Year
b4_anothershylockloan
5e. In the past 12 months, did you request a loan from a shylock but not get it?
b4_borrowedoutsidehh
6. In the past 12 months, have you borrowed money from someone outside your hh?
b4_individualsfrom_no
6a. How many people have you borrowed money from in the last 12 months?
b4_relate_1_relate
6b. What is Lender #1 relationship to you?
b4_relate_2_relate
6b. What is Lender #2 relationship to you?
b4_relate_3_relate
6b. What is Lender #3 relationship to you?
b4_totalborrowed_amnt
6c. Borrowed from friends or relatives past 12 months - Amount
b4_totalorrowed_curr
6c. Borrowed from friends or relatives past 12 months - Currency
b4_borrowpurpose_schoolfees
6d. Purpose of borrowing: School fees or expenses
b4_borrowpurpose_childsupport
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Child support
b4_borrowpurpose_ceremony
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Ceremonies: funeral, birth, marriage
b4_borrowpurpose_medical
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Medical expenses
b4_borrowpurpose_build
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Help to buy or build a house
b4_borrowpurpose_startbiz
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Help to start a business
b4_borrowpurpose_existbiz
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Help an existing business
b4_borrowpurpose_rosca
6d. Purpose of borrowing: To contribute to merry-go-round or ROSCA
b4_borrowpurpose_foodclothing
6d. Purpose of borrowing: Food or clothing
b4_borrowpurpose_food
Not administered in this wave
b4_borrowpurpose_clothing
Not administered in this wave
b4_borrowpurpose_general
6d. Purpose of borrowing: General living expenses exc. food or clothing
b4_borrowpurpose_other
6d. Loan purpose: Other
b4_outsidehhinterest_units
6e. Interest charged on most recent loan: Unit
b4_outsidehhinterest_time
6e. Interest charged on most recent loan: Time
b4_outsidehhinterest_amount
6e. Interest charged on most recent loan: Amount
b4_q6e2_mm
Not administered in this wave
b4_q6e2_yy
Not administered in this wave
b4_paybackwhen_month
6f. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? - Month
b4_paybackwhen_year
6f. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? - Year
b4_anotherborrowedoutsidehh
6g. In the past 12 months, did you request a loan from outside but not get it?
b4_loan_vsla
7. In the past 12 months, have you taken a loan from a VSLA?
b4_loan_vsla_amt
7a. What is the total amount of loans you took from VSLA in the last 12 months?
b4_loan_vsla_curr
7a. Currency of amount of loan taken from VSLA in the last 12 months
b4_vslapurposeb_schoolfees
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: School fees or expenses
b4_vslapurposeb_childsupport
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Child support
b4_vslapurposeb_ceremony
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Ceremonies: funeral, birth, marriage
b4_vslapurposeb_medical
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Medical expenses
b4_vslapurposeb_build
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Help to buy or build a house
b4_vslapurposeb_startbiz
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Help to start a business
b4_vslapurposeb_existbiz
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Help an existing business
b4_vslapurposeb_rosca
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: To contribute to merry-go-round or ROSCA
b4_vslapurposeb_food
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: Food or clothing
b4_vslapurposeb_general
7b. Purpose of VSLA loan: General living expenses exc. food or clothing
b4_vslapurposeb_other
7b. Loan purpose: Other
b4_interestvsla_units
7c. Interest charged on most recent VSLA loan: Unit
b4_interestvsla_time
7c. Interest charged on most recent VSLA loan: Time
b4_interestvsla_amount
7c. Interest charged on most recent VSLA loan: Amount
b4_payback_vsla_month
7d. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? - Month
b4_pay_vsla_datea_year
7d. By when are/were you supposed to pay back the loan? - Year
b4_currentdefaul_vsla
7e. Are you currently in default on this loan?
b4_another_vsla_loana
7f. In the past 12 months, did you request a loan from VSLA but not get it?
b4_lentmoneyoutsidehh
8. In the past 12 months, have you ever lent money to someone outside your hh?
b4_individualsfroma_no
8a. To how many individuals have you lent money to in the past 12 months?
b4_lentmoneyrelate_1_lentmoneyre
8b. What is Borrower #1 relationship to you?
b4_lentmoneyrelate_2_lentmoneyre
8b. What is Borrower #2 relationship to you?
b4_lentmoneyrelate_3_lentmoneyre
8b. What is Borrower #3 relationship to you?
b4_totallentamount_amnt
8c. What is the total amount lent to them in the last 12 months?
b4_totallentamount_curr
8c. What is the currency of the amount lent in the last 12 months?
b4_interestratecharged_unit
8d. Interest charged on loan lent to someone: Unit
b4_interestratecharged_time
8d. Interest charged on loan lent to someone: Time
b4_interestratecharged_amnt
8d. Interest charged on loan lent to someone: Amount
b4_q8d2_mm
Not administered in this wave
b4_q8d2_yy
Not administered in this wave
b4_paybackdate_month
8e. By when are/were they supposed to pay back the loan? - Month
b4_paybackdate_year
8e. By when are/were they supposed to pay back the loan? - Year
b4_loanrequest
8f. Did someone ask for a loan in the past 12 months but you did not give it?
b4_usedmobilemoney
9. Have you used any mobile money services in the past 12 months?
b4_usedmobilecredit
10. Have you used any mobile credit services in the past 12 months?
b4_heardairtimesharing
11. Have you heard about some airtime sharing services: Sambaza, Me2U, ...?
b4_everusedairtimesharing
12. Have you ever used any of these services?
b4_borrowedmoneyrefugee
13a.In the past 12 months, have you ever borrowed money from a refugee?
b4_borrowedmoneykehost
13b.In the past 12 months, have you ever borrowed money from a Kenyan host?
b4_lentmoneyrefugee
14a.In the past 12 months, have you ever lent money to a refugee?
b4_lentmoneykehost
14b.In the past 12 months, have you ever lent money to a Kenyan host?
b5_availabledoc_birth
0. Document available: Birth certificate either from Kenya or country of origin
b5_availabledoc_passpor
0. Document available: Passport from country of origin/Kenyan Passport
b5_availabledoc_idcard
0. Document available: Refugee identity card
b5_availabledoc_travel
0. Document available: Convention travel document
b5_availabledoc_camp
0. Document available: Movement pass (to travel outside the camp)
b5_availabledoc_permit
0. Document available: Kenyan work permit
b5_availabledoc_diploma
0. Document available: School diploma certificate
b5_availabledoc_voters
0. Document available: Kenya Voters ID card
b5_availabledoc_othvoters
0. Document available: Other Voters ID card
b5_availabledoc_huduma
0. Document available: Kenyan ID card (Huduma Namba card)
b5_availabledoc_license
0. Document available: Driver’s License
b5_availabledoc_unhcr
0. Document available: UNHCR/RAS Proof of Registration (“Manifest”)
b5_availabledoc_none
0. Document available: No documents
b5_availabledoc_other
0. Document available: Other
b5_availabledoc_declined
0. Document available: Declined
b5_availabledoc_dk
0. Document available: Don’t know
b5_everlivedjan16
1. Have you lived in different place for 6 months since Jan 2016?
b5_livedincountry
2a. Which country were you living in January 2016?
b5_county
2b. If Kenya in (2a): Which County?
b5_subcounty
2c. If Kenya in (2a): Which Subcounty?
b5_location
2d. If Kenya in (2a): Which Location?
b5_townname
2e. Residence located within town/rural/refugee camp?
b5_migration_1_country
3a. Residence 1: Which country did you flee to?
b5_migration_2_country
3a. Residence 2: Which country did you flee to?
b5_migration_3_country
3a. Residence 3: Which country did you flee to?
b5_migration_1_county
3b. Residence 1: If Kenya in (3a), which County?
b5_migration_2_county
3b. Residence 2: If Kenya in (3a), which County?
b5_migration_3_county
3b. Residence 3: If Kenya in (3a), which County?
b5_migration_1_subcounty
3c. Residence 1: If Kenya in (3a), which Subcounty?
b5_migration_2_subcounty
3c. Residence 2: If Kenya in (3a), which Subcounty?
b5_migration_3_subcounty
3c. Residence 3: If Kenya in (3a), which Subcounty?
b5_migration_1_camp
3d. Residence 1: Located within town/rural/refugee camp?
b5_migration_2_camp
3d. Residence 2: Located within town/rural/refugee camp?
b5_migration_3_camp
3d. Residence 3: Located within town/rural/refugee camp?
b5_migration_1_arrival_month
4. Residence 1: When did you arrive at this place? - Month
b5_migration_2_arrival_month
4. Residence 2: When did you arrive at this place? - Month
b5_migration_3_arrival_month
4. Residence 3: When did you arrive at this place? - Month
b5_migration_1_arrival_year
4. Residence 1: When did you arrive at this place? - Year
b5_migration_2_arrival_year
4. Residence 2: When did you arrive at this place? - Year
b5_migration_3_arrival_year
4. Residence 3: When did you arrive at this place? - Year
b5_migration_1_whymove1
5. Residence 1: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 1
b5_migration_1_whymove2
5. Residence 1: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 2
b5_migration_1_whymove3
5. Residence 1: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 3
b5_migration_2_whymove1
5. Residence 2: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 1
b5_migration_2_whymove2
5. Residence 2: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 2
b5_migration_2_whymove3
5. Residence 2: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 3
b5_migration_3_whymove1
5. Residence 3: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 1
b5_migration_3_whymove2
5. Residence 3: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 2
b5_migration_3_whymove3
5. Residence 3: Why did you move to this place? - Reason 3
b5_migration_1_betternow
6. Residence 1: Are you better off now than when you lived in this place?
b5_migration_2_betternow
6. Residence 2: Are you better off now than when you lived in this place?
b5_migration_3_betternow
6. Residence 3: Are you better off now than when you lived in this place?
b5_migration_1_movelocation
7. Residence 1: After living in (Q3a or Q3b), did you move to another location?
b5_migration_2_movelocation
7. Residence 2: After living in (Q3a or Q3b), did you move to another location?
b5_migration_3_movelocation
7. Residence 3: After living in (Q3a or Q3b), did you move to another location?
b5_livedless6months
7a. Since Jan 2016, have you lived elsewhere for less than 6 months?
b5_notimes_number
7b. Since Jan 2016, how many times have you moved?
b5_movesnairobi
7c. Have any of those moves been to Nairobi?
b5_movesnakuru
7c. Have any of those moves been to Nakuru?
b5_movesmombasa
7c. Have any of those moves been to Mombasa?
b5_movesnone
7c. Have any of those moves been to Nairobi/Nakuru/Mombasa? - No
b5_futuremove
8. Do you want to leave your current residential location at some point in time?
b5_movenextyear
8a. Do you plan on moving in the next year?
b5_locationmoveref
9. For Refugees: Do you plan to return home or relocate?
b5_whichplaceref
9a. For Refugees: To which place do you plan to move?
b5_placehost
10. For Hosts: To which place do you plan to move?
b5_mainreason_conflict
11. Main reason you would want to move: Armed conflict in this area
b5_mainreason_armed
11. Main reason you would want to move: Armed conflict in the surrounding areas
b5_mainreason_crime
11. Main reason you would want to move: Increased crime, violence and insecurity
b5_mainreason_fear
11. Main reason you would want to move: Fear of discrimination and persecution
b5_mainreason_famine
11. Main reason you would want to move: Drought/famine/flood
b5_mainreason_livestock
11. Main reason you would want to move: Lack of access to home/land/livestock
b5_mainreason_health
11. Main reason you would want to move: No access to education/health services
b5_mainreason_employ
11. Main reason you would want to move: Lack of employment opportunities
b5_mainreason_family
11. Main reason you would want to move: No family here anymore / family reasons
b5_mainreason_assitance
11. Main reason you would want to move: Lack of humanitarian assistance
b5_mainreason_food
11. Main reason you would want to move: Lack of food
b5_mainreason_crowded
11. Main reason you would want to move: Poor management/crowded site
b5_mainreason_tensions
11. Main reason you would want to move: Tensions with the host community/Refugee
b5_mainreason_situation
11. Main reason you would want to move: Uncertain legal situation in the country
b5_mainreason_other
11. Main reason you would want to move: Other reasons
b5_mainreason_declined
11. Main reason you would want to move: Declined
b5_mainreason_dk
11. Main reason you would want to move: Don’t know
b5_reasonnot_conflict
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Armed conflict in this area
b5_reasonnot_armed
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Armed conflict in the surrounding
b5_reasonnot_crime
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Increased crime/insecurity
b5_reasonnot_fear
12. Main reason you would not want to go back:Fear of discrimination/persecution
b5_reasonnot_famine
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Drought/famine/flood
b5_reasonnot_livestock
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: land/livestock
b5_reasonnot_health
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: No access to education/health
b5_reasonnot_employ
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Lack of employment opportunities
b5_reasonnot_family
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: No family/family reason
b5_reasonnot_assitance
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Lack of humanitarian assistance
b5_reasonnot_food
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Lack of food
b5_reasonnot_crowded
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Poor management/crowded site
b5_reasonnot_tensions
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Tension with the host/refugees
b5_reasonnot_situation
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Uncertain legal situation there
b5_reasonnot_other
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Other reasons
b5_reasonnot_declined
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Declined
b5_reasonnot_dk
12. Main reason you would not want to go back: Don’t know
b5_formalsettleright
13. If granted settlement rights in Kenya, would you still want to leave?
b5_reasonstay_security
14. Main reason you want to stay: Better security here
b5_reasonstay_livestock
14. Main reason you want to stay: Better access to home/area of housing and area
b5_reasonstay_health
14. Main reason you want to stay: Better access to education and health services
b5_reasonstay_employ
14. Main reason you want to stay: Better acess to livelihood/employment
b5_reasonstay_family
14. Main reason you want to stay: To continue living with friends/family reasons
b5_reasonstay_assistance
14. Main reason you want to stay: Access to humanitarian aid
b5_reasonstay_other
14. Main reason you want to stay: Other reasons
b5_reasonstay_decline
14. Main reason you want to stay: Declined
b5_reasonstay_dk
14. Main reason you want to stay: Don’t know
b5a_everlivedcounty
Not administered in this wave
b5a_stilllive
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_country
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_country
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_country
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_county
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_county
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_county
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_subcounty
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_subcounty
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_subcounty
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_camp
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_camp
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_camp
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_arrival_month
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_arrival_month
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_arrival_month
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_arrival_year
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_arrival_year
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_arrival_year
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_whymove1
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_whymove2
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_whymove3
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_whymove1
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_whymove1
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_betternow
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_betternow
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_betternow
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_1_movelocation
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_2_movelocation
Not administered in this wave
b5a_migration_3_movelocation
Not administered in this wave
b5a_livedless6months
Not administered in this wave
b5a_notimes_number
Not administered in this wave
b5a_movesnairobi
Not administered in this wave
b5a_movesnakuru
Not administered in this wave
b5a_movesmombasa
Not administered in this wave
b5a_movesnone
Not administered in this wave
b5a_moveddwellings
Not administered in this wave
b6_countryres
1. What was your country of residence before displacement?
b6_eaapplication
1a. Has anyone in your household applied for East African citizenship?
b6_who_hh1_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 1
b6_who_hh2_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 2
b6_who_hh3_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 3
b6_who_hh4_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 4
b6_who_hh5_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 5
b6_who_hh6_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 6
b6_who_hh7_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 7
b6_who_hh8_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 8
b6_who_hh9_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 9
b6_who_hh10_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 10
b6_who_hh11_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 11
b6_who_hh12_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 12
b6_who_hh13_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 13
b6_who_hh14_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 14
b6_who_hh15_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 15
b6_who_hh16_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 16
b6_who_hh17_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 17
b6_who_hh18_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 18
b6_who_hh19_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 19
b6_who_hh20_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 20
b6_who_hh21_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 21
b6_who_hh22_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 22
b6_who_hh23_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 23
b6_who_hh24_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 24
b6_who_hh25_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 25
b6_who_hh26_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 26
b6_who_hh27_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 27
b6_who_hh28_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 28
b6_who_hh29_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 29
b6_who_hh30_apply
1b. Applied for East African citizenship_ Household member 30
b6_reason_displ_safetyvilge
2. Why you left your original home? - Lack of safety in my village
b6_reason_displ_safety
2. Why you left your original home? - Lack of safety in neighboring villages
b6_reason_displ_crime
2. Why you left your original home? - Rising crime/safety risks/insecurity
b6_reason_displ_famine
2. Why you left your original home? - Drought/famine/flood
b6_reason_displ_livestock
2. Why you left your original home? - Lack of access to home/livestock
b6_reason_displ_health
2. Why you left your original home? - Lack of access to education/health
b6_reason_displ_employ
2. Why you left your original home? - Lack of employment opportunities
b6_reason_displ_family
2. Why you left your original home? - Death of husband/family reasons
b6_reason_displ_refugee
2. Why you left your original home? - Refugee relocation program
b6_reason_displ_covid19
2. Why you left your original home? - Covid-19
b6_reason_displ_other
2. Other reasons
b6_reason_displ_declined
2. Why you left your original home? - Declined
b6_reason_displ_dk
2. Why you left your original home? - Don’t know
b6_born_origin
3. Were you born in your country of origin?
Total: 1064
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