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Demographic and Health Survey 2014

Bangladesh, 2014
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BGD_2014_DHS_v01_M
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National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT)
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Questionnaires
Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014, Household Questionnaire
Author(s) National Institute of Population Research and Training, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Mitra and Associates
Date 2014-06-11
Country Bangladesh
Language English
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Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014, Woman's Questionnaire
Author(s) National Institute of Population Research and Training, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Mitra and Associates
Date 2014-06-11
Country Bangladesh
Language English
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Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014, Community Questionnaire
Author(s) National Institute of Population Research and Training, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Mitra and Associates
Date 2014-06-11
Country Bangladesh
Language English
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Reports
Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014, Report
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Author(s) National Institute of Population Research and Training, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mitra and Associates, Dhaka, Bangladesh The DHS Program, ICF International, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A.
Date 2016-03-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Table of contents TABLES AND FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... vii
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ xiii
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................... xv
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT .................................................................................................. xvii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... xix
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ................................................................ xxiii
MAP OF BANGLADESH ....................................................................................................................... xxiv

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Geography and Economy .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Population ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Population, Family Planning, and Maternal and Child Health Policies and Programs........ 2
1.4 Organization of the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey ............................ 4
1.4.1 Survey Objectives and Implementing Organizations ............................................. 4
1.4.2 Sample Design ....................................................................................................... 5
1.4.3 Questionnaires ....................................................................................................... 5
1.4.4 Training and Fieldwork .......................................................................................... 6
1.4.5 Data Processing ...................................................................................................... 7
1.4.6 Coverage of the Sample ......................................................................................... 7

2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9
2.1 Household Characteristics ................................................................................................. 10
2.1.1 Water and Sanitation ............................................................................................ 10
2.1.2 Housing Characteristics ....................................................................................... 13
2.1.3 Household Possessions ........................................................................................ 15
2.2 Socioeconomic Status Index .............................................................................................. 16
2.3 Household Population by Age and Sex ............................................................................. 17
2.4 Household Composition .................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 19
2.6 School Attendance ............................................................................................................. 20
2.7 Education of Household Population .................................................................................. 21
2.7.1 Educational Attainment of the Household Population ......................................... 21
2.7.2 School Attendance Ratios .................................................................................... 24
2.8 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 26
2.9 Ownership of Mobile Phones ............................................................................................ 27

3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 29
3.1 Characteristics of Survey Respondents ............................................................................. 29
3.2 Educational Attainment ..................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Literacy .............................................................................................................................. 31
3.4 Access to Mass Media ....................................................................................................... 32
3.5 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 34
3.6 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 35
3.7 Earnings, Employers, and Continuity of Employment ...................................................... 37

4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 39
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 39
4.2 Current Marital Status ....................................................................................................... 40
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 41
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 43
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 44
4.7 Spousal Separation ............................................................................................................ 45
4.8 Perception Toward Age at First Marriage ......................................................................... 47

5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 49
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 50
5.2 Fertility Differentials ......................................................................................................... 51
5.3 Fertility Trends .................................................................................................................. 52
5.4 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 55
5.5 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 56
5.6 Postpartum Amenorrhea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility ............................................... 58
5.7 Menopause ......................................................................................................................... 60
5.8 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 61
5.9 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood ................................................................................ 62

6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 65
6.1 Desire for More Children .................................................................................................. 65
6.2 Desire to Limit Childbearing ............................................................................................. 66
6.3 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 68
6.4 Fertility Planning ............................................................................................................... 69
6.5 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 70
6.6 Spousal Agreement in Desired Number of Children ......................................................... 72

7 FERTILITY REGULATION ....................................................................................................... 73
7.1 Current Use of Contraception ............................................................................................ 74
7.2 Differentials in Current Use of Family Planning ............................................................... 74
7.3 Trends in Current Use of Family Planning ........................................................................ 76
7.4 Timing of Sterilization....................................................................................................... 79
7.5 Knowledge and Use of Menstrual Regulation ................................................................... 79
7.6 Knowledge of Fertile Period .............................................................................................. 80
7.7 Knowledge and Use of ECP .............................................................................................. 81
7.8 Knowledge and Practice of Lactational Amenorrhea Method ........................................... 82
7.9 Sources of Family Planning Methods ................................................................................ 82
7.10 Use of Social Marketing Brands ........................................................................................ 85
7.11 Contraceptive Discontinuation .......................................................................................... 86
7.12 Future Use of Contraception .............................................................................................. 89
7.13 Reasons for Not Intending to Use Contraception .............................................................. 90
7.14 Unmet Need for Family Planning Services ....................................................................... 91
7.15 Exposure to Family Planning Messages ............................................................................ 93
7.16 Fieldworker Visits ............................................................................................................. 95
7.17 Satellite Clinics .................................................................................................................. 96
7.18 Community Clinics ............................................................................................................ 97

8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ........................................................................................ 99
8.1 Assessment of Data Quality ............................................................................................ 100
8.2 Levels and Trends in Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................ 101
8.3 Socioeconomic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality ............................................ 103
8.4 Demographic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality ............................................... 104
8.5 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 106
8.6 High-Risk Fertility Behavior ........................................................................................... 108

9 MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH .............................................................................. 111
9.1 Antenatal Care ................................................................................................................. 112
9.1.1 Antenatal Care Coverage ................................................................................... 112
9.1.2 Place of Antenatal Care ..................................................................................... 114
9.1.3 Number of Antenatal Visits ............................................................................... 116
9.1.4 Components of Antenatal Care .......................................................................... 117
9.2 Delivery Care ................................................................................................................... 118
9.2.1 Place of Delivery................................................................................................ 118
9.2.2 Caesarean Section .............................................................................................. 120
9.2.3 Assistance during Delivery ................................................................................ 122
9.3 Postnatal Care for Mothers and Children ........................................................................ 124
9.3.1 Postnatal Checkup for Mother ........................................................................... 124
9.3.2 Postnatal Checkup for the Newborn .................................................................. 128
9.4 Newborn Care .................................................................................................................. 130
9.4.1 Care of the Umbilical Cord ................................................................................ 130
9.4.2 Drying and Bathing the Newborn ...................................................................... 132
9.4.3 Essential Newborn Care ..................................................................................... 134

10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 137
10.1 Child’s Size at Birth ........................................................................................................ 137
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................... 138
10.2.1 Vaccination Coverage ........................................................................................ 139
10.2.2 Differentials in Vaccination Coverage ............................................................... 140
10.2.3 Trends in Vaccination Coverage ........................................................................ 141
10.3 Childhood Illness and Treatment ..................................................................................... 141
10.3.1 Childhood Diarrhea ............................................................................................ 141
10.3.2 Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea ...................................................................... 142
10.3.3 Feeding Practices during Diarrhea ..................................................................... 145
10.3.4 Acute Respiratory Infections ............................................................................. 147
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 148

11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN ........................................................................ 151
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 152
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 152
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 153
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 153
11.1.4 Trends in Children’s Nutritional Status ............................................................. 156
11.2 Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding .................................................................... 157
11.2.1 Initiation of Breastfeeding ................................................................................. 157
11.2.2 Prelacteal Feeding .............................................................................................. 157
11.3 Breastfeeding Status by Age ............................................................................................ 158
11.4 Duration of Breastfeeding ............................................................................................... 162
11.5 Types of Complementary Foods ...................................................................................... 162
11.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 164
11.7 Micronutrient Intake among Children ............................................................................. 167
11.7.1 Consumption of Micronutrient-rich Foods ........................................................ 167
11.7.2 Micronutrient Supplementation ......................................................................... 169
11.7.3 Deworming ........................................................................................................ 169
11.8 Nutritional Status of Women ........................................................................................... 169
11.9 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 173

12 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR .......................... 175
12.1 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Transmission and Prevention Methods ........................... 177
12.1.1 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS .................................................................................. 177
12.1.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention Methods ........................................................... 177
12.1.3 Comprehensive Knowledge about AIDS ........................................................... 178
12.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV ............................................... 180
12.3 Knowledge of Means of Transmission of HIV ................................................................ 181
12.4 Attitude toward Negotiating Safe Sexual Relations with Husbands ............................... 182
12.5 Self-reported Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and STI Symptoms .............. 183

13 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR ........................... 187
13.1 Employment and Form of Earnings ................................................................................. 188
13.2 Women’s Control over their Own Earnings .................................................................... 189
13.3 Freedom of Movement .................................................................................................... 190
13.4 Women’s Empowerment ................................................................................................. 191
13.5 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 194
13.6 Indicators of Women’s Empowerment ............................................................................ 195
13.7 Current Use of Contraception by Women’s Empowerment ............................................ 196
13.8 Ideal Family Size and Unmet Need by Women’s Empowerment ................................... 197
13.9 Reproductive Health Care by Women’s Empowerment .................................................. 198
13.10 Infant and Child Mortality and Women’s Empowerment ............................................... 199

14 COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................... 201

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 207
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................ 213
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 213
A.2 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................... 213
A.3 Sample Design ................................................................................................................. 214
A.4 Sampling Weight ............................................................................................................. 216
APPENDIX B: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 219
APPENDIX C: DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 233
APPENDIX D: PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE SURVEY ................................................................ 235
APPENDIX E: QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 243
APPENDIX F: SUMMARY INDICATORS ......................................................................................... 327
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR311/FR311.pdf
Bangladesh 2014 Demographic and Health Survey, Key Indicators
External link
Author(s) National Institute of Population Research and Training, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mitra and Associates, Dhaka, Bangladesh The DHS Program, ICF International, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A.
Date 2015-04-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Table of contents CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. iii
TABLES AND FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. v
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ vii
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1

2 SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION ...................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Training and Fieldwork ....................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Coverage of the Sample ....................................................................................................... 5

3 KEY FINDINGS FROM THE 2014 BDHS ..................................................................................... 7
3.1 Housing Characteristics and Household Possessions .......................................................... 7
3.2 Respondents’ Background Characteristics .......................................................................... 8
3.3 Fertility ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.4 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood ................................................................................ 12
3.5 Family Planning ................................................................................................................. 14
3.5.1 Current Use .......................................................................................................... 14
3.5.2 Trends in Contraceptive Use ................................................................................ 15
3.5.3 Contraceptive Discontinuation ............................................................................. 17
3.5.4 Sources of Family Planning Methods .................................................................. 18
3.6 Fertility Preferences ........................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1 Unmet Need for Family Planning ........................................................................ 21
3.7 Maternal and Newborn Health .......................................................................................... 23
3.7.1 Antenatal Care ..................................................................................................... 23
3.7.2 Place of Delivery.................................................................................................. 25
3.7.3 Cesarean Section .................................................................................................. 27
3.7.4 Assistance at Delivery .......................................................................................... 28
3.7.5 Postnatal Care ...................................................................................................... 30
3.7.6 Essential Newborn Care ....................................................................................... 31
3.8 Childhood Mortality .......................................................................................................... 33
3.8.1 Level of Childhood Mortality .............................................................................. 33
3.8.2 Trends in Childhood Mortality ............................................................................ 34
3.9 Child Health ....................................................................................................................... 35
3.9.1 Vaccination of Children ....................................................................................... 35
3.9.2 Treatment of Childhood Respiratory Illness ........................................................ 38
3.9.3 Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea ........................................................................ 39
3.10 Nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 41
3.10.1 Children’s Nutritional Status ............................................................................... 41
3.10.2 Breastfeeding Practices ........................................................................................ 44
3.10.3 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices .......................................................... 46
3.10.4 Vitamin A Supplementation ................................................................................ 47
3.11 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Ways to Avoid AIDS ........................................................ 48

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 51
APPENDIX A Members of the Technical Review Committee and the Technical Working Group .......... 53
APPENDIX B Summary Indicators ........................................................................................................... 55
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR56/PR56.pdf
Bangladesh DHS 2014: Three Qualitative Studies
External link
subtitle Family Planning Needs among Women with a Migrant Husband, The Social Context of Early Childbearing, Perspectives on Antenatal Care
Author(s) Kerry L.D. MacQuarrie Quamrun Nahar Rasheda Khan Marzia Sultana ICF International, Rockville, Maryland
Date 2016-03-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Table of contents Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... v
Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... v
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... vii
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Background and Rationale ........................................................................................................... 3

3. Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1. Research Team ................................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Research Design, Sample Size, and Field Selection .......................................................... 5
3.3. Data Collection Procedures, Ethical Issues, and Challenges in the Fields ........................ 7
3.4. Data Management and Data Analysis ................................................................................ 8

4. Results ............................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1. Socio-economic Background ............................................................................................. 9
4.2. Husbands’ Migration Patterns .......................................................................................... 10
4.3. Couples’ Interaction and the Implications of Mobile Phone ........................................... 10
4.4. Past and Present Family Planning Method Use ............................................................... 11
4.5. Perceptions of Risk of Getting Pregnant .......................................................................... 29
4.6. Issues Influencing Couple’s Decision Regarding Family Planning Method ................... 31
4.7. Experiences with Intended and Unintended Pregnancies ................................................ 32
4.8. Experience with Termination of Pregnancy .................................................................... 35

5. Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 37
5.1. Demographic Factors ....................................................................................................... 37
5.2. Migration of Husbands .................................................................................................... 37
5.3. Mobile Phones ................................................................................................................. 37
5.4. Contraception and Usage Patterns ................................................................................... 37
5.5. Pills .................................................................................................................................. 38
5.6. Injections .......................................................................................................................... 38
5.7. Condoms .......................................................................................................................... 39
5.8. Long-term and Permanent Methods ................................................................................. 39
5.9. Traditional Methods ......................................................................................................... 40
5.10. What is Risky in Terms of Getting Pregnant? ................................................................. 40
5.11. Decision-making with Regard to Family Planning ........................................................... 40
5.12. Intended and Unintended Pregnancies and Termination ................................................. 40

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 41
References ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/OD69/OD69.pdf
The Men Are Away: Pregnancy Risk and Family Planning Needs among Women with a Migrant Husband in Barisal, Bangladesh
External link
Author(s) Khan, Rasheda Kerry L. D. MacQuarrie Quamrun Nahar Marzia Sultana
Date 2016-03-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FA98/FA98.pdf
Why So Young? The Social Context of Early Childbearing and Contraception among Young Women in Khulna, Bangladesh
External link
Author(s) Khan, Rasheda Kerry L. D. MacQuarrie Quamrun Nahar Marzia Sultana
Date 2016-03-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Table of contents Tables ................................................................................................................................................... v
Figures ................................................................................................................................................... v
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ vii

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1

2. Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Study Setting ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Study Design and Instruments ...................................................................................... 3
2.3. Study Cluster Selection ................................................................................................. 3
2.4. Informant Eligibility and Sampling .............................................................................. 5
2.5. Research Team and Training ........................................................................................ 5
2.6. Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 6
2.7. Data Management and Analysis ................................................................................... 6
2.8. Ethical Considerations .................................................................................................. 7
2.9. Challenges and Limitations........................................................................................... 7

3. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1. Profile of Study Informants .......................................................................................... 9
3.2. Girls’ Lives Prior to Marriage ..................................................................................... 11
3.3. Getting Married ........................................................................................................... 12
3.4. First Sex within Marriage ........................................................................................... 15
3.5. Fertility Desires at Time of Marriage ......................................................................... 17
3.6. Changing Fertility Intentions ...................................................................................... 29
3.7. Experiences with Contraception between Marriage and the First Pregnancy ............. 29
3.8. Experience with the First Pregnancy .......................................................................... 33
3.9. Fertility Desires for Spacing a Subsequent Pregnancy ............................................... 35
3.10. Experience with Contraception after the First Pregnancy and Subsequent Pregnancies .......... 37

4. Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................................... 41
References ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Appendix 1. Socio-demographic profile of study informants ......................................................... 47
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FA99/FA99.pdf
What Motivates Women to Act? Perspectives on the Value of and Experiences in Using Antenatal Care in Khulna and Rangpur, Bangladesh
External link
Author(s) Khan, Rasheda Kerry L. D. MacQuarrie Quamrun Nahar Marzia Sultana
Date 2016-03-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Table of contents Tables ........................................................................................................................................................................ v
Figures ........................................................................................................................................................................ v
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................. ix

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Background and Rationale ...................................................................................................................... 3

3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.1. Selection of Study Sites and Study Participants .................................................................. 5
3.2. Sample Size, Data Collection Method, and Data Collection Instrument ............................ 6
3.3. Research Team and Training of Researchers ...................................................................... 7
3.4. Field Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 7
3.5. Data Management and Analysis .......................................................................................... 7
3.6. Ethical Issues ....................................................................................................................... 8
3.7. Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 8

4. Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1. Profile of Study Participants................................................................................................ 9
4.2. Women’s Value Perceptions Regarding Care during Pregnancy ...................................... 10
4.3. Women’s Knowledge and Perceptions about ANC .......................................................... 13
4.4. Utilization of ANC ............................................................................................................ 14
4.5. Knowledge and Use of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) Immunization ............................................ 20
4.6. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Use of Ultrasound during Pregnancy ................................. 20
4.7. Perceived Quality and Satisfaction about Facility-based and Home-based ANC ............. 22
4.8. Decision-making Regarding ANC .................................................................................... 24

5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 29

6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 33

References ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
Appendix 1. Number of Eligible Informants, Number Interviewed, and Reasons for Not
Including as Study Participants .............................................................................. 38
Appendix 2. Summary Information on Study Clusters............................................................... 39
Appendix 3. Socio-demographic Profile of Study Participants .................................................. 41
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FA100/FA100.pdf
Bangladesh 2014 Demographic and Health Survey, Wall Chart
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2016-03-01
Country Bangladesh
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/DM79/DM79.pdf
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