Demographic and Health Survey 1988

Ghana, 1988

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GHA_1988_DHS_v01_M

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Ghana Statistical Service (GSS)

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

2 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.

3 Third Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Geneva, Switzerland: ACC/SCN, 1997.

4 World population monitoring 2003: Population, education and development. New York, USA: UN, 2004.

5 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

6 Adetunji, Jacob. "Trends in under-5 mortality rates and the HIV/AIDS epidemic." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 10 (2000): 1200-1206.

7 Adetunji A, Jacob. "Infant mortality levels in Africa: Does method of estimation matter?." Genus 52, no. 3/4 (1996): 89-106.

8 Adhvaryu, Achyuta, James Fenske, and Anant Nyshadham. "Early life circumstance and adult mental health." University of Oxford, Department of Economics Working Papers , no. 698 (2014).

9 Adlakha, Arjun, and G Ghana. Population brief: Ghana. : U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1993.

10 Agha, Sohail, and Mai Do. "Does an expansion in private sector contraceptive supply increase inequality in modern contraceptive use?." Health policy and planning 23, no. 6 (2008): 465-475.

11 Agyei-Mensah, Samuel. Fertility Decline in Developing Countries, 1960-1997: an Annotated Bibliography. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

12 Agyei-Mensah, Samuel. "Infant nutritional patterns and trends in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-1998." Research Review 15, no. 2 (1999): 1-18.

13 Agyei-Mensah, Samuel. "The Ghanian fertility transition revisited." (2005)

14 Ahonsi A, Babatunde. "Components of stably high fertility in three areas of West Africa." Social Science & Medicine 33, no. 7 (1991): 849-857.

15 Aikins, Ama de-Graft. "Ghana's neglected chronic disease epidemic: a developmental challenge." Ghana Medical Journal 41, no. 4 (2007): 154.

16 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "The height of women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood." Annals of Human Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 397-410.

17 Akyeah, Fredrick. "Factors influencing the utilisation of family planning services in Kwabre District, Ghana." Msc Degree (Health Education and Promotion) , Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2007.

18 Amankwaa A, Adansi. "Prior and proximate causes of infant survival in Ghana, with special attention to polygyny." Journal of biosocial science 28, no. 03 (1996): 281-295.

19 Amankwaa, Adansi A, A Bavon, and Paul T Nkansah. "Rural-urban migration and its effects on infant and child mortality in Ghana." African Population Studies 18, no. 2 (2003).

20 Anarfi K, John. "Sexuality, migration and AIDS in Ghana-a socio-behavioural study." (1993) Health Transition Review.

21 Anarfi K, John. "The role of local herbs in the recent fertility decline in Ghana: contraceptives or abortafacients." (2003) The Sociocultural and Political Aspects of Abortion. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.

22 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

23 Anyomi, Josephine Ansaa Larb. "Factors influencing women's decision to adopt family planning methods, a case study of women aged 15-39 years in east akim district.." Master of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2011.

24 Araoye O, Margaret. "Epidemiology of infertility: social problems of the infertile couples." West African Journal of Medicine 22, no. 2 (2004): 190-196.

25 Arnold, Fred. "Sex preference and its demographic and health implications." (1992) International Family Planning Perspectives.

26 Arthur, Jones Lewis. "Family size and the quality of life nexus: case of the Sunyani municipality, Ghana." Fifth African Population Conference. Arusha, Tanzania, 2007.

27 Aryee, A.F. "Sensitizing policy makers on population issues: The PIP experience in Ghana." Africa Media Review 8, no. 3 (1994): 78-94.

28 Avogo, Winfred Aweyire. "Social diffusion and fertility processes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Longitudinal evidence from Ghana." PhD, Arizona State University, 2008.

29 Badasu, Delali. "Policy implications of the variations in Ghana's fertility transition." Institute of African Studies: Research Review Vol 19, no. 1 (2003): 1-14.

30 Badasu, Delali. "Public versus private resources for childbirth and care in Ghana." Institute of African Studies: Research Review Vol 17, no. 2 (2001): 45-62.

31 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

32 Bateman, O. Massee, Shelley Smith, and Philip Roark. A comparison of the health effects of water supply and and sanitation in urban and rural areas of five African countries. Washington, DC, USA: Water and Sanitation for Health Project, USAid, 1993.

33 Becker, Stan. "Couples and reproductive health: a review of couple studies." Studies in family planning 27, no. 6 (1996): 291-306.

34 Becker, Stan, and Bryan Sayer. Sampling weights for analyses of couple data in Demographic and Health Surveys. : Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 2009.

35 Benefo D, Kofi. "The community-level effects of women’s education on reproductive behavior in rural Ghana." Demographic Research 14, no. 20 (2006): 485-508.

36 Benefo, Kofi D, and Vijayan K Pillai. "Determinants of women’s non-family work in Ghana and Zimbabwe." Canadian Studies in Population 30, no. 2 (2003): 389-406.

37 Benefo, Kofi D, Amy O Tsui, and Joseph De Graft Johnson. "Ethnic differentials in child-spacing ideals and practices in Ghana." Journal of biosocial science 26, no. 03 (1994): 311-326.

38 Bennell, Paul, Karin Hyde, and Nicola Swainson. "The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa." (2002) Sussex, Centre for International Education, University of Sussex.

39 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

40 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Marcela Umana-Aponte. "Women. s Labour Supply and Household Insurance in Africa." (2012)

41 Blanc, Ann F, and Steve Grey. "Greater than expected fertility decline in Ghana: untangling a puzzle." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 4 (2002): 475-495.

42 Bledsoe, Caroline H, and Barney Cohen. Social dynamics of adolescent fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academies Press, 1993.

43 Block, Steven A, William A Masters, and Priya Bhagowalia. "Child undernutrition, household poverty and national income in developing countries: Quantile regression results." Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010: AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, USA, July 25-27, 2010.

44 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

45 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

46 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

47 Boadu, Eric Adje. "Rapid population growth and development in Ghana." (1994) Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Accra.

48 Boerma, J Ties, Shea O Rutstein, Anna E Sommerfelt, and George T Bicego. "Bottle use for infant feeding in developing countries: data from the Demographic and Health Surveys." Journal of tropical pediatrics 37, no. 3 (1991): 116-120.

49 Boerma, J. Ties, and George Stroh. "Using survey data to assess neonatal tetanus mortality levels and trends in developing countries." Demography 30, no. 3 (1993): 459-475.

50 Boerma, J. T, and George T Bicego. "Preceding birth intervals and child survival: searching for pathways of influence." Studies in Family Planning 23, no. 4 (1992): 243-256.

51 Boerma, J. T, R. E Black, A. E Sommerfelt, S. O Rutstein, and G. T Bicego. "Accuracy and completeness of mothers' recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys." International journal of epidemiology 20, no. 4 (1991): 1073-1080.

52 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

53 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." Studies in Family Planning 37, no. 1 (2006): 1-16.

54 Bongaarts, John. "The measurement of wanted fertility." Population and Development Review 16, no. 3 (1990): 487-506.

55 Bos, Eduard, Myt Vu, and Patience W Stephens. Sources of World Bank estimates of current mortality rates. : Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1992.

56 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

57 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

58 Bosu, William K, Mercy Essel-Ahun, Sam Adjei, and Peter Strebel. "Progress in the control of measles in Ghana, 1980-2000." Journal of Infectious Diseases 187, no. Supplement 1 (2003): S44.

59 Buekens, P., A. Tsui, M. Kotelchuck, and J. Degraft-Johnson. "Tetanus immunization and prenatal care in developing countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 91-94.

60 Bulatao A, Rodolfo. Key indicators for family planning projects. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 1995.

61 Bulatao, Rodolfo A, Eduard Bos, Patience W Stephens, and My T Vu. Asia region population projections: 1989-90 Edition. : World Bank Publications, 1989.

62 Bulatao, Rodolfo A, Eduard Bos, Patience W Stephens, and My T Vu. Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMN) Region Population Projections. : World Bank Publications, 1989.

63 Bulatao, Rodolfo A, Eduard Bos, Patience W Stephens, and My T Vu. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Region Population Projections. : World Bank Publications, 1989.

64 Camlin, Carol, and Ines Escandon. "Contraceptive sterilization: Global issues and trends." (2002) Chapter 2: Sterilization incidence and prevalence.

65 Canagarajah, Sudharshan, and Xiao Ye. "Public health and education spending in Ghana in 1992-98: issues of equity and efficiency." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , no. 2579 (2001).

66 Caulfield, Laura E, Margaret E Bentley, and Saifudden Ahmed. "Is prolonged breastfeeding associated with malnutrition? Evidence from nineteen demographic and health surveys." International journal of epidemiology 25, no. 4 (1996): 693.

67 Chinere-Dan, Orieji. "In search of explanations for fertility and reproductive behaviour in Africa." (1993)

68 Chuks, J. "Ghana's reproductive revolution: analysis of the determinants of fertility transition." (2002) Union for African Population Studies (UAPS).

69 Cleland, John, Nelson Onuoha, and Ian Timaeus. Fertility change in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the evidence. 1994.

70 Cleland, John G, Robert P Ndugwa, and Eliya M Zulu. "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, no. 2 (2010): 137-143.

71 Cohen, Barney. "Fertility levels, differentials, and trends." (1993) Demographic change in sub-Saharan Africa.

72 Cohen, Barney, Carole L Jolly, James N Gribble, Etienne van de Walle, Althea Hill, Ian A Timaeus, John O Oucho, William T Gould, Sharon S Russell, and Michael A Stoto. "Demographic change in Sub-Saharan Africa." (1993)

73 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

74 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

75 Curtis, S.L., and E.G. Sutherland. "Measuring sexual behaviour in the era of HIV/AIDS: The experience of Demographic and Health Surveys and similar enquiries." Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, no. suppl 2 (2004): 22.

76 Deininger, Klaus, and Paul Mpuga. "Economic and welfare effects of the abolition of health user fees: evidence from Uganda." World Bank policy research working paper , no. 3276 (2004).

77 Delamonica, Enrique, Alberto Minujin, and Jama Gulaid. "Monitoring equity in immunization coverage." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 5 (2005): 384-391.

78 DeRose, L F, and A C Ezeh. "Men's influence on the onset and progress of fertility decline in Ghana, 1988-98." Population Studies 59, no. 2 (2005): 197-210.

79 Derose, Laurie. "Continuity of women's work, breastfeeding, and fertility in Ghana in the 1980s." Population studies 56, no. 2 (2002): 167-179.

80 Derose, Laurie, Lijuan Wu, and F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo. "Inferring gender-power: women’s schooling and relative spousal influence in childbearing in Ghana." Genus 66, no. 2 (2010).

81 DeRose F, Laurie. "Women’s work and breastfeeding simultaneously rise in Ghana." Economic Development and Cultural Change 55, no. 3 (2007): 583-612.

82 Diagne, Abdoulaye. "Investing in people: Education and health." African Development Bank Seminar - African Economic Research Consortium. Tunis, Tunisia, November, 2006.

83 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

84 Dodoo,. "Contraceptive behavior in Ghana: a two-sex model." International journal of sociology of the family 25, no. 1 (1995): 43-61.

85 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo. "Education and changing reproductive behavior in Ghana." (1993) Sociological Perspectives.

86 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo. "Explaining contraceptive use differences: do men play a role?." (1995) African Population Studies.

87 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo. "Relative spousal status and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Ghana." Sociological quarterly 35, no. 3 (1994): 507-519.

88 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo, and Poem Landewijk. "Men, women, and the fertility question in Sub-Saharan Africa: An example from Ghana." African studies review 39, no. 3 (1996): 29-41.

89 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo, and Arna Seal. "Explaining spousal differences in reproductive preferences: A gender inequality approach." Population & Environment 15, no. 5 (1994): 379-394.

90 Dodoo, Ni-Amoo. "Female education, age, parity, and reproduction cessation in Ghana." Biodemography and Social Biology 39, no. 1-2 (1992): 102-108.

91 Doskoch, Peter. "Contraceptive use is rising faster in Eastern than Western Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 1 (2011): 49-50.

92 du Plessis, Gretchen. "HIV and fertility in South Africa: Some theoretical and methodological considerations." (2004) Fertility: The current South African Issues.

93 Ericksen, Karen, and Tracy Brunette. "Patterns and predictors of infertility among African women: A cross-national survey of twenty-seven nations." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 2 (1996): 209-220.

94 Ewbank, Douglas C, and James N Gribble. Effects of health programs on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academies Press, 1993.

95 Ezeh C, Alex. "The influence of spouses over each other's contraceptive attitudes in Ghana." (1993) Studies in Family Planning.

96 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

97 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

98 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

99 Fjelde, Hanna, and Gudrun Ostby. "Economic inequality and non-state conflicts in Africa." APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper . Washington, DC, 2010.

100 Foote, Karen A, Ken Hill, and Linda G Martin. Demographic change in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington,D.C.: National Academies Press, 1993.

101 Foote, Karen A, Kenneth H Hill, and Linda G Martin. Population dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press, 1993.

102 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

103 Fotso, Jean-Christophe, and others. "Urban-rural differentials in child malnutrition: trends and socioeconomic correlates in sub-Saharan Africa." (2006) Health & Place.

104 Freedman, Ronald, and Ann K Blanc. "Fertility transition: An update." International Family Planning Perspectives 18, no. 44 (1992): 44-72.

105 Friedman, Jed, and Norbert Schady. "How many more infants are likely to die In Africa as a result of the global financial crisis?." Research Working papers 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-18.

106 Gage-Brandon, Anastasia J, and Dominique Meekers. "Sex, contraception and childbearing before marriage in sub-Saharan Africa." International Family Planning Perspective 19, no. 1 (1993): 14-18.

107 Gaisie, Samuel. "Fertility Trend in Ghana." African Population Studies 20, no. 2 (2005): 1-24.

108 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Effy Vayena. "Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind." PLoS medicine 4, no. 2 (2007): e31.

109 Garenne, Michel. "Age at marriage and modernisation in sub-Saharan Africa." Southern African Journal of Demography 9, no. 2 (2004): 59-79.

110 Garenne, Michel. "Migration, urbanisation and child health in Africa: a global perspective." Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 4-7, 2003.

111 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.

112 Garenne, Michel. "Sex differences in health indicators among children in African DHS surveys." (2003) Journal of Biosocial Science.

113 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.

114 Garenne, Michel, and Veronique Joseph. "The timing of the fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa." World Development 30, no. 10 (2002): 1835-1843.

115 Garenne L, Michel. "Testing for fertility stalls in demographic and health surveys." Population Health Metrics 9, no. 59 (2011): 18.

116 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.

117 Gendreau, Francis, Denis Kikhela, and Valérie Guérin. L'évaluation des politiques et programme de population: Journées scientifiques du Réseau démographie de l'UREF, Université des réseaux d'expression française, Bangui, 2-4 juin 1993. : John Libbey Eurotext, 1994.

118 Go, Delfin, Denis Nikitin, Xiongjian Wang, and Heng-fu Zou. "Poverty and inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: Literature survey and empirical assessment." Annals of Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (2007): 251-304.

119 Goodkind, Daniel. "Sex-selective abortion, reproductive rights, and the greater locus of gender discrimination in family formation: Cairo's unresolved questions." (1997) PSC Research Report Series.

120 Gourbin, Catherin. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.

121 Grigoriou, Christopher, and Patrick Guillaumont. "Child mortality reacts to relative prices." (2011) CERDI Etudes et Documents.

122 Grummer-Strawn, L M. "The effect of changes in population characteristics on breastfeeding trends in fifteen developing countries." International Journal of Epidemiology 25, no. 1 (1996): 94-102.

123 Grummer-Strawn, Lawrence, and James Trussell. "Computing the mean duration of breastfeeding from current-status data." (1993) Genus.

124 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

125 Gyimah, Stephen Obeng. "Cohort differences in women’s educational attainment and the transition to first marriage in Ghana." Population Research and Policy Review 28, no. 4 (2009): 455-471.

126 Gyimah, Stephen Obeng. "Polygamous marital structure and child survivorship in Ghana: Age dependent effect?." PSC Discussion Papers Series 19, no. 13 (2005): 1.

127 Hanson, Kara, and Peter A Berman. Non-government financing and provision of health services in Africa: A background paper. : Data for Decision Making Project, Dept. of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 1994.

128 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

129 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

130 Hill, Kenneth. XXIII. ICPD relevance of the MDGS: Targets and mechanisms for the reduction of child mortality. New York, USA: UN, 2005.

131 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

132 Hindin, Michelle, D. Lawrence Kincaid, Opia Kumah, Winthrop Morgan, Young M Kim, and J.K. Ofori. "Gender differences in media exposure and action during a family planning campaign in Ghana." Health Communication 6, no. 2 (1994): 117-135.

133 Jamison, Dean T, Richard G Feachem, Malegapuru W Makgoba, Eduard R Bos, Florence K Baingana, Karen J Hofman, and Khama O Rogo. Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: World Bank Publications, 2006.

134 Johnson, Fiifi Amoako. "A geospatial analysis of the impacts of maternity care fee payment policies on the uptake of skilled birth care in Ghana." BMC pregnancy and childbirth 16, no. 1 (2016).

135 Johnson, Kiersten, Noureddine Abderrahim, and Shea O Rutstein. "Changes in the direct and indirect determinants of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2011) DHS Analytical Studies .

136 Kalipeni, Ezekiel. "The fertility transition in Africa." Geographical Review 85, no. 3 (1995): 286-300.

137 King, Elizabeth M, Paul Glewwe, and Wim Alberts. Human resource development and economic growth: Ghana in the next two decades. : World Bank, 1992.

138 Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo. "A survey of housing conditions and characteristics in Accra, an African city." Habitat international 25, no. 1 (2001): 15-34.

139 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)

140 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

141 Kudamatsu, Masayuki. "Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Micro Data." (2007) Stockholm University - Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES).

142 Larsen, Ulla. "Sterility in sub-Saharan Africa." Population Studies: A Journal of Demography 48, no. 3 (1994): 459-474.

143 Lauro, Don. "Abortion and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: How women plan their families." African Journal of Reproductive Health 15, no. 1 (2011): 13-24.

144 Legg, Christopher. "A spatial analysis of child nutrition in West Africa." (2008)

145 Lele, Uma J, and Michael Martin. "Determinants of a demographic transition in predominantly rural countries." The Expert Group Meeting On Population Growth and Demographic Structure Organized by the United Nations . Paris, France, November 16-20, 1992.

146 Lindquist, Katharine. Horizontal educational inequalities and civil conflict: The nexus of ethnicity, inequality, and violent conflict. : Carleton College, 2011.

147 Lloyd, Cynthia B, and Sonalde Desai. "Children's living arrangements in developing countries." Population Research and Policy Review 11, no. 3 (1992): 193-216.

148 Locoh, Therese. "Completing the fertility transition." (2009) Family structure and fertility trends in intermediate-fertility countries in West Africa.

149 Locoh, Therese, and Myriam Mouvagha-Sow. "An uncertain future for African families." (2007) International Family Change: Ideational Perspectives.

150 Lopez, Alan D, Joshua Salomon, Omar Ahmad, Christopher J Murray, and Doris Mafat. "Life tables for 191 countries: data, methods and results." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series (WHO).

151 Macfarlane, Sarah. "The relationship between anthropometric indices derived from the CDC/WHO international reference." Annals of human biology 23, no. 6 (1996): 421-430.

152 Machiyama, Kazuyo. "A re-examination of recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

153 Machiyama, Kazuyo, Richard Silverwood, Andy Sloggett, and John Cleland. "Recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of country trends of fertility decline." 2010 Quetelet Seminar. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, November 24-26, 2010.

154 Masters A, William. Agricultural biotechnology for West and Central Africa: a strategy document. : USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade Environment and Science Policy Program (EGAT/ESP), 2005.

155 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

156 Matthews, Zoe, and Ian Diamond. "Child immunisation in Ghana: the effects of family, location and social disparity." (1997) Journal of Biosocial Science.

157 McNamara, Regina, Therese McGinn, Donald Lauro, and John Ross. "Family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: case studies from Ghana, Rwanda, and the Sudan." (1992)

158 Meekers, Dominique. "Immaculate conceptions in sub-Saharan Africa: exploratory analysis of inconsistencies in the timing of first sexual intercourse and first birth." Biodemography and Social Biology 42, no. 3-4 (1995): 151-161.

159 Mei, Zuguo, Laurence M Grummer-Strawn, and Paul W Stupp. "From death to birth: Mortality decline and reproductive change." (1998) Effect of a child's death on birth spacing: A cross-national analysis.

160 Menchini, Leonardo, and Giovanni Cornia. "The pace and distribution of health improvements during the last 40 years: some preliminary results." (2004) Centro Studi Luca D'Agliano Development Studies Working Papers.

161 Moultrie, Tom, Takudzwa Sayi, and Ian Timaeus. "Age and parity effects on birth intervals in the African fertility decline?." (2010) Population Studies.

162 Moultrie, Tom A, Takudzwa S Sayi, and Ian M Timaeus. "Birth intervals, postponement, and fertility decline in Africa: A new type of transition?." Population Studies 66, no. 3 (2012): 241-258.

163 Muhuri, P K, M Anker, and J Bryce. "Treatment patterns for childhood diarrhoea: evidence from demographic and health surveys." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74, no. 2 (1996): 135.

164 Munro, Alistair, Bereket Kebede, Marcela Tarazona-Gomez, and Arjan Verschoor. "The lion’s share. An experimental analysis of polygamy in Northern Nigeria." (2010) GRIPS Discussion Papers.

165 National Research Council,. Demographic effects of economic reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academies, 1993.

166 Ngom, Pierre. "Men's unmet need for family planning: implications for African fertility transitions." (1997) Studies in Family Planning.

167 Ngom, Pierre, and Soukeynatou Fall. Fertility decline in francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2010. : African Population & Health Research Center, 2002.

168 Nii-Amoo Dodoo, F. "A Couple Analysis of Micro-Level Supply/Demand Factors in Fertility Regulation." Population Research and Policy Review 12, no. 2 (1993): 93-101.

169 Obeng B, Joseph. "A community survey on the factors influencing the utilization of skilled delivery services in the offinso south." Masters, KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , 2011.

170 Oheneba-Sakyi, Yaw. "Determinants of current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women at the highest risk of pregnancy." Journal of biosocial science 24, no. 04 (1992): 463-475.

171 Olaleye, David O, and Akinrinola Bankole. "The impact of mass media family planning promotion on contraceptive behavior of women in Ghana." Population Research and Policy Review 13, no. 2 (1994): 161-177.

172 Onuoha, Nelson. "Nuptiality patterns in two West African states." (1993) Journal of biosocial science.

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