| Table of contents |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................11
1. Scope and Methods......................................................................................11
2. Who are the food insecure?...........................................................................11
3. How many are they? ....................................................................................11
4. Where do they live? .....................................................................................11
5. What are the underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition? ...................14
6. What are the interventions recommended?......................................................14
1. PART I – INTRODUCTION, STUDY OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY......................................15
1.1. Introduction................................................................................................15
1.2. CFSVA objectives ........................................................................................16
1.3. Definitions, terminology, and concepts ...........................................................16
1.4. Secondary data review.................................................................................17
1.5. Primary data collection .................................................................................17
1.5.1. Survey instruments ...............................................................................17
1.5.2. Sampling procedures .............................................................................17
1.5.3. Data collection, entry, and statistical analysis ............................................19
1.6. Limitations to the Study ...............................................................................20
2. PART II – COUNTRY BACKGROUND ...................................................................................21
2.1. General historical and political context ............................................................21
2.2. Geography, climate and natural resources.......................................................21
2.3. Oecussi emergency of February 2006 .............................................................22
2.4. WFP’s Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO) in Timor Leste ...............22
3. PART III – SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION..........................................................................25
3.1. Population and demographics ........................................................................25
3.2. Economic characteristics...............................................................................25
3.2.1. Economy..............................................................................................25
3.2.2. Infrastructure .......................................................................................26
3.2.3. Living conditions/amenities/wealth...........................................................26
3.2.3.1. Home ownership, housing materials, house size...................................26
3.2.3.2. Sanitation and water........................................................................27
3.2.3.3. Sources of lighting and cooking fuel ...................................................27
3.2.4. Main activities and income sources- Livelihood groups ................................28
3.2.4.1. Characteristics of livelihood groups ....................................................28
3.2.4.2. Geographic distribution of livelihood zones ..........................................29
3.2.5. Household expenditures .........................................................................29
3.2.5.1. Overall Expenditure Patterns.............................................................30
3.2.5.2. Per capita expenditures and quintiles .................................................31
3.2.5.3. Distribution of livelihood groups across expenditure quintiles .................31
3.2.6. Access to credit.....................................................................................32
3.3. Literacy/Education .......................................................................................33
3.3.1. Literacy ...............................................................................................33
3.3.2. Education .............................................................................................33
4. PART IV – HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND VULNERABILITY .............................................35
4.1. Availability and access to food .......................................................................35
4.1.1. Agriculture ...........................................................................................35
4.1.1.1. Land distribution/tenure ...................................................................35
4.1.1.2. Farming systems.............................................................................36
4.1.1.3. Cropping seasons ............................................................................37
The seasonality of rainfall affects produce with the northern part having a main production from November to April and the south and east often benefiting from a bi-seasonal rainfall with production extending until August. Although production peaks seasonally in the southern coast where rainfall is prolonged, and on higher grounds where the climate is cooler, production of vegetables is possible all year round. Lack of storage facilities to extend shelf-life of produce dramatically reduces the availability of fruits and vegetables..............................37
4.1.2. Agricultural production ...........................................................................37
4.1.3. Post harvest Losses ...............................................................................38
4.1.4. Assets (goods and livestock) ...................................................................39
4.1.4.1. Non-productive assets (goods) ..........................................................39
4.1.4.2. Productive assets (goods).................................................................40
4.1.4.3. Livestock........................................................................................40
4.1.4.4. Fishing...........................................................................................41
4.1.4.5. Avian influenza ...............................................................................41
4.1.5. Markets ...............................................................................................42
4.1.6. Household food access profiling ...............................................................42
4.1.6.1. Methodology for analyzing food access data ........................................43
4.1.6.2. Household food access profiles ..........................................................44
4.1.6.3. Geographic distribution of food access profiles .....................................44
4.1.6.4. Distribution of food access profiles among livelihood groups ..................44
4.2. Food Consumption.......................................................................................45
4.2.1. Household food consumption profiling ......................................................45
4.2.1.1. Frequency of consumption and dietary diversity...................................46
4.2.1.2. Methodology for analyzing food consumption data................................46
4.2.1.3. Household food consumption groups and profiles .................................46
4.2.1.4. Household food sources....................................................................47
4.2.1.5. Geographic distribution of diet and consumption profiles .......................48
4.2.1.6. Distribution of consumption profiles among livelihood groups.................49
4.3. Household food security and vulnerability profiling ...........................................49
4.3.1. Methodology for analyzing food security and vulnerability data.....................49
4.3.2. Household food security and vulnerability profiles ......................................50
4.3.2.1. The food insecure............................................................................50
4.3.2.2. The highly vulnerable.......................................................................51
4.3.2.3. The moderately vulnerable ...............................................................51
4.3.2.4. The food secure ..............................................................................52
4.3.2.5. Other differences/similarities between food security groups ...................52
4.3.3. Geographic distribution of food security and vulnerability profiles .................53
4.3.4. Distribution of profiles among livelihood groups .........................................54
4.4. Sources of food insecurity and vulnerability- Shocks and coping strategies...........55
4.4.1. Idiosyncratic and Covariate shocks ....................................................55
4.4.2. Coping strategies ............................................................................58
4.5. Food utilization, health, and nutritional status..................................................58
4.5.1. Access to health care .............................................................................58
4.5.2. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS..........................................................................59
4.5.3. Maternal health and nutrition ..................................................................59
4.5.4. Child health and nutrition .......................................................................60
4.5.4.1. Sampling, methodology, representativeness........................................60
4.5.4.2. Nutritional status and comparison with other surveys ...........................61
4.5.4.3. Child nutrition by age and gender ......................................................62
4.5.4.4. Child morbidity ...............................................................................63
4.5.4.5. Breastfeeding and weaning practices..................................................63
4.5.4.6. Determinants of health and nutrition status.........................................64
4.5.4.6.1. Wasting ....................................................................................64
4.5.4.6.2. Stunting....................................................................................66
4.5.4.6.3. Diarrhea....................................................................................67
5. PART V RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROGRAM INTERVENTIONS ..............................................69
5.1. Priority areas and causes of food insecurity and vulnerability .......................69
5.2. Current food and non food-aid interventions..............................................70
5.3. Food and non-food intervention recommendations by priority areas and groups70
5.4. Recommendations for future studies ........................................................71
ANNEX 1 - ADDITIONAL DATA TABLES ....................................................................................72
1. Sample information .....................................................................................72
2. Demographics.............................................................................................72
3. Housing and Facilities...................................................................................73
4. Assets........................................................................................................74
5. Credit ........................................................................................................75
6. Livestock....................................................................................................76
7. Agriculture .................................................................................................77
8. Ministry of Agriculture, Forest, and Fisheries food balance sheets (maize)............78
9. Ministry of Agriculture, Forest, and Fisheries food balance sheets (rice) ...............79
10. Income ......................................................................................................80
11. Expenditures (food) .....................................................................................81
12. Expenditures (Non-food) ..............................................................................82
13. Expenditures (overall) ..................................................................................83
14. Food sources ..............................................................................................84
15. Food aid and shocks ....................................................................................85
16. Food security classes ...................................................................................86
17. Under 5 nutrition .........................................................................................87
18. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS................................................................................88
ANNEX 2: FOOD ACCESS AND FOOD CONSUMPTION SCORE EQUATIONS .....................................89
ANNEX 3: MAPS OF DATA USED TO CREATE VAM ZONES ...........................................................90 |
