Demographic and Health Survey 2001

Nepal, 2001

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NPL_2001_DHS_v01_M

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Ministry of Health/New ERA

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Dec 20, 2012

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

2 World population monitoring 2003: Population, education and development. New York, USA: UN, 2004.

3 Acharya, Pawan, and Vishnu Khanal. "The effect of mother’s educational status on early initiation of breastfeeding: further analysis of three consecutive Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys." BMC public health 15, no. 1 (2015).

4 Adhikari, Ramesh. "Effect of Women’s Role on Household Decision Making on Institutional Delivery of the recent Child in Nepal." (2015) Journal of Management and Development Studies .

5 Adhikari, Ramesh, Kusol Soonthorndhada, and Pramote Prasartkul. "Correlates of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant married women in Nepal." BMC International Health and Human Rights 9, no. 17 (2009): 17.

6 Adhikari, Ramesh, Kusol Soonthorndhada, and Pramote Prasartkul. "Determinants of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant married women in Nepal." European Population Conference . Liverpool, UK, June 21-24, 2006.

7 Aeksuk, Chintana. "The Impact of Behavior Change Communication Program on Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among Married Women: Evidence from Nepal." 1st International Conference on Reproductive Health and Social Sciences Research. Kanchanaburi, 2007.

8 Åhman, Elisabeth, and Jelka Zupan. Neonatal and perinatal mortality: Country, regional and global estimates 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Department of Making Pregnancy Safer, 2004.

9 Ahman, Elizabeth, and Jelka Zupan. "Neonatal and perinatal mortality : country, regional and global estimates 2004." (2007) WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

10 Ahmed, M, B Devkota, B Sathian, and S B Dixit. "Utilization of rural maternity delivery services in Nawalparasi and Kapilvastu District: A qualitative study." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 6, no. 3 (2010): 29-36.

11 Ailuogwemhe, Job, Ruma Rajbhandari, Eirini Illiaki, Manuela Villar, and Megan Dieterich. Tackling shortages of health care workers in rural Nepal: “Train to retain”. : Online, 2005.

12 Alban, Anita, and Celine Manuel. "Background report: cost-effectiveness of injecting drug user interventions to prevent HIV in Nepal." 8th International Conference on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ICAAP). Colombo, Sri Lanka, August 19-23, 2007.

13 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

14 Arimond, Mary, and Marie T Ruel. "Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys." The Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 10 (2004): 2579-2585.

15 Aryal R, Tika. "Estimation of the duration of post-partum amenorrhea among Nepalese mothers: some indirect techniques." (2010) Nepal Journal of Science and Technology.

16 Ashford, Lori. Unmet need for family planning: Recent trends and their implications for programs. Washington DC, USA: Population Reference Bureau , 2003.

17 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

18 Balarajan, Yarlini, and Eduardo Villamor. "Nationally representative surveys show recent increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India." The Journal of nutrition 139, no. 11 (2009): 2139.

19 Balk, Deborah, Adam Storeygard, Marc Levy, Joanne Gaskell, Manohar Sharma, and Rafael Flor. "Child hunger in the developing world: an analysis of environmental and social correlates." Food Policy 30, no. 5-6 (2005): 584-611.

20 Ban, Bharat, Sujan Karki, Ashoke Shrestha, and Stephen Hodgins. "Spousal separation and interpretation of contraceptive use and unmet need in rural Nepal." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38, no. 1 (2012): 43-47.

21 Ban, Bharat, S Tuladhar, S Pant, and B K Suvedi. "Review of health and health service improvements in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 10, no. 21 (2012): 76-81.

22 Bangdel D, Radha. "Health in Nepal." (2012)

23 Basu, Deepankar. "Essays on dynamic nonlinear time series models and on gender inequality." The Ohio State University, 2008.

24 Basu, Deepankar, and Robert de Jong. "Son preference and gender inequality." South and South East Asia Econometric Society Meeting. Chennai, India, October 30, 2007.

25 Berthelemy, Jean-Claude, and Juliette Seban. "Equity in Access to Health Services in Developing Countries." Revue d'economie du developpement 23, no. 5 (2009): 9-40.

26 Betràn, Ana P, Mario Merialdi, Jeremy A Lauer, Wang Bing-Shun, Jane Thomas, Paul Van Look, and Marsden Wagner. "Rates of caesarean section: analysis of global, regional and national estimates." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2007): 98-113.

27 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

28 Bhandari, A, M Gordon, and G Shakya. "Reducing maternal mortality in Nepal." (2011) BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology.

29 Bhandari, Prem. "Relative deprivation and migration in an agricultural setting of Nepal." Population & Environment 25, no. 5 (2004): 475-499.

30 Bhandari, Prem, S S Shrestha, and D J Ghimire. "Sociocultural and geographical disparities in child immunization in Nepal." Asia Pacific Population Journal 22, no. 1 (2007): 43.

31 Bhandari R, Tulsi. "Maternal and child health situation in South East Asia." Nepal Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, no. 13 (2012): 5-10.

32 Bishai, David, Samir Kumar KC, Hugh Waters, Michael Koenig, Joanne Katz, Subarna K Khatry, and Keith P West Jr. "The impact of vitamin A supplementation on mortality inequalities among children in Nepal." Health policy and planning 20, no. 1 (2005): 60-66.

33 Black, Robert E, Lindsay H Allen, Zul?qar A Bhutta, Laura E Caulfield, Mercedes de Onis, Majid Ezzati, Colin Mathers, and Juan Rivera. "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences." The Lancet 371, no. 9608 (2008): 243-260.

34 Blanc K, Ann. Nepal family health program baseline assessment. 2002.

35 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

36 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

37 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

38 Blössner, Monika, and Mercedes De Onis. "Quantifying the health impact at national and local levels." (2005) Environmental Burden of Disease Series.

39 Blossner, Monika, Mercedes de Onis, Annette Pruss-Ustun, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Carlos Corvalan, and Alistair Woodward. "Malnutrition: Quantifying the health impact at national and local levels." (2005) Environmental Burden of Disease Series.

40 Bongaarts, John. "Can Family Planning Programs Reduce High Desired Family Size in Sub-Saharan Africa?." International Perspectives on on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 4 (2011): 209-216.

41 Bongaarts, John. "Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation?." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 2 (2008): 105-110.

42 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

43 Bornemisza, Olga, and Francesco Checchi. Health interventions in crisis-affected communities of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Emergency and Humanitarian Action Programme, WHO, 2006.

44 Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia, Rajiv Bahl, and José Martines. "Limited progress in increasing coverage of neonatal and child-health interventions in Africa and Asia." Journal of health, population, and nutrition 27, no. 6 (2009): 755-762.

45 Bott, Sarah. "Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation." (2010) 8. Sexual violence and coercion: implications for sexual and reproductive health.

46 Bozon, Michel. "At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse? World comparisons and recent trends." (2003) Population and Societies .

47 Bozzoli, Carlos, Angus Deaton, and Climent Quintana-Domeque. "Adult height and childhood disease." Demography 46, no. 4 (2009): 647-669.

48 Bozzoli, Carlos, Angus S Deaton, and Climent Quintana-Domeque. "Child mortality, income and adult height." (2007) NBER Working Paper Series.

49 Brewis, Alexander, and Mary Meyer. "Marital coitus across the life course." Journal of biosocial science 37, no. 4 (2005): 499-518.

50 Brown W, David. "Child immunization cards: essential yet underutilized in national immunization programmes." (2012) Open Vaccine Journal.

51 Bruce, Judith, and Erica Chong. The diverse universe of adolescents, and the girls and boys left behind: A note on research, program and policy priorities (Background paper to Public choices, private decisions: Sexual and reproductive health and the Millennium Development Goals). New York, USA: UN Millennium Project, 2006.

52 Caltabiano, Marcantonio, and Maria Castiglioni. "Changing family formation in Nepal: Marriage, cohabitation and first sexual intercourse." International family planning Perspectives 34, no. 1 (2008): 30-39.

53 Carlough, M, and M McCall. "Skilled birth attendance: What does it mean and how can it be measured? A clinical skills assessment of maternal and child health workers in Nepal." International journal of gynecology & obstetrics 89, no. 2 (2005): 200-208.

54 Carr, Dara. "Improving the health of the world's poorest people." (2004) Health Bulletin.

55 Castaldo, Adriana, Saskia Gent, Gunjan Sondhi, and Ann Whitehead. "Child Migration in National Surveys." (2009) Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Working Paper No. T-28.

56 Chandrashekhar, T S, H S Joshi, V S Binu, P R Shankar, M S Rana, and U Ramachandran. "Breast-feeding initiation and determinants of exclusive breast-feeding-a questionnaire survey in an urban population of western Nepal." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 2 (2007): 192-197.

57 Chaudhury, Rafiqul H, and Bhanu Niraula. "Population Monograph of Nepal 2003." (2003) Chapter 7: Nuptiality trends and differentials in Nepal.

58 Chhetry, S, S Clapham, and I Basnett. "Community based maternal and child health care in Nepal: self-reported performance of Maternal and Child Health Workers.." Journal of the Nepal Medical Association 44, no. 157 (2005): 1-7.

59 Choe, Minja K, Shyam Thapa, and Vinod Mishra. "Early marriage and early motherhood in Nepal." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 2 (2005): 143-162.

60 Cobb, Laurel, Pam Putney, Roger Rochat, Julie Solo, Nicole Buono, John Dunlop, and Mary Vandenbroucke. Global evaluation of USAID’s postabortion care program. : Washington, DC: The Population Technical Assistance Project, 2001.

61 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

62 Dahal, Govinda P, Monique Hennink, and Andrew Hinde. "Risky sexual behaviour among young men in Nepal." (2005) Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute Applications & Policy Working Paper.

63 Dahal, Govinda P, Sabu S Padmadas, and PR Andrew Hinde. "Fertility-limiting behavior and contraceptive choice among men in Nepal." International Family Planning Perspectives 34, no. 1 (2008): 6-14.

64 Dancer, Diane, and Anu Rammohan. "Maternal socio-economic status and child nutritional outcomes: Evidence from rural Nepal." Australian Conference of Economists. Melbourne, Australia, September, 2005.

65 Deaton, Angus, and Jean Drèze. "Food and nutrition in India: facts and interpretations." Economic and political weekly 44, no. 7 (2009): 42-65.

66 Delafield, Sylvia. "Activity report 128: Planning tools for the Nepal Public Private Partnership for Handwashing initiative." (2004)

67 Desai, Sonalde, and Kiersten Johnson. "Women’s Decisionmaking and Child Health: Familial and social hierarchies." (2005) A Focus on Gender.

68 Devkota, B. "Effectiveness of essential health care services delivery in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 6, no. 2 (2009): 74-83.

69 Devkota D, Madhu. An assessment on impact of conflict on delivery of health services. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal Health Sector Program, Ministry of Health and Population, 2005.

70 Dhakal, Sulochana, Edwin van Teijlingen, Edwin A Raja, and Keshar B Dhakal. "Skilled care at birth among rural women in Nepal: Practice and challenges." Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 29, no. 4 (2011): 371.

71 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

72 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.

73 Dibley, Michael, and Yasir B Nisar. "Enhanced Iron-folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation Program Reduces Risk of Under 5 Mortality in Nepal." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 5, no. 5 (2015).

74 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

75 Drabo, Alassane, and Christian Ebeke. "Remittances, public health spending and foreign aid in the access to health care services in developing countries." (2011) Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International (CERDI-CNRS).

76 Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M, and C. Shannon Stokes. "Teen fertility and gender inequality in education: A contextual hypothesis." Demographic Research 11, no. 11 (2004): 305-334.

77 Ergo, Alex, Davidson R Gwatkin, and Meera Shekar. "What difference do the new WHO Child Growth Standards make for the prevalence and socioeconomic distribution of undernutrition?." Food & Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 1 (2009): 3-15.

78 Erreygers, Guido, Philip Clarke, and Tom Van Ourti. "“Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who in this land is fairest of all?”—Distributional sensitivity in the measurement of socioeconomic inequality of health." Journal of Health Economics 31, no. 1 (2012): 257-270.

79 Estache, Antonio, and Ana Goicoechea. "A 'Research' Database on Infrastructure Economic Performance." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , no. 3643 (2005).

80 Fenn, Bridget R, Betty J Kirkwood, Zahra Popatia, and David Bradley. "Inequities in neonatal survival interventions: evidence from national surveys." Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 92, no. 5 (2007): F361.

81 Filmer, Deon. "Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2007." (2006) Education inequalities around the world.

82 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

83 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

84 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

85 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

86 Furuta, Marie, and Sarah Salway. "Women's position within the household as a determinant of maternal health care use in Nepal." International Family Planning Perspectives 32, no. 1 (2006): 17-27.

87 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Effy Vayena. "Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind." PLoS medicine 4, no. 2 (2007): e31.

88 Gakidou, Emmanuela, Shefali Oza, Cecilia V Fuertes, Amy Y Li, Diana K Lee, Angelica Sousa, Margaret C Hogan, Stephen V Hoorn, and Majid Ezzati. "Supplementary online content : Improving child survival through environmental and nutritional interventions: the importance of targeting interventions toward the poor.." The Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 16 (2007): 1876-1887.

89 Garrett, James L, and Marie T Ruel. "Stunted child-overweight mother pairs: Prevalence and association with economic development and urbanization." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 2 (2005): 209-221.

90 Gillespie, Duff, Saifuddin Ahmed, Amy Tsui, and Scott Radloff. "Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 2 (2007): 100-107.

91 Gilligan, Brian. An analysis of the determinants of child labour in Nepal, the policy environment and response. : Kathmandu: Understanding Children’s Work, January, 2003.

92 Gilligan, Brian J, and Retika Rajbhandari. HIV/AIDS and working children in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Labour Office in Nepal, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, 2004.

93 Gordon, David, Michelle K Irving, Shailen Nandy, and Peter Townsend. "The extent and nature of absolute poverty." (2007)

94 Gordon, David, and Shailen Nandy. Absolute Child Poverty in Haiti in the 21st Century: Report for UNICEF Haiti. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, 2007.

95 Greene, Margaret E, and Thomas Merrick. "Poverty reduction: Does reproductive health matter?." (2005) World Bank Health, Nutrition and Population Discussion Paper.

96 Gubhaju, Bina. "The differential impact of wives’ and husbands’ education on contraceptive method choice in Nepal, 1996-2006." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

97 Gubhaju, Bina. "The influence of wives' and husbands' education levels on contraceptive method choice in Nepal, 1996-2006." International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 35, no. 4 (2009): 176-185.

98 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

99 Gwatkin, Davidson R, Shea Rutstein, Kiersten Johnson, Eldaw Suliman, Adam Wagstaff, and Agbessi Amouzou. "Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population within developing countries." Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 10, no. 4 (2007).

100 Gwatkin, Davidson R, Adam Wagstaff, and Abdo Yazbeck. Reaching the poor with health, nutrition, and population services: what works, what doesn't, and why. : World Bank Publications, 2005.

101 Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hilary Bracken. "Married adolescents: an overview." WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents. Geneva, December, 2003.

102 Hadkhale, K, and K Bastola. "Study of the Current Stage and Changes over Time and Determinants of Vitamin A and Iron Intake in Nepalese Mothers and their Children from 2001 to 2011." Journal of Food & Nutritional Disorders 5, no. 4 (2016).

103 Halim, Nafisa, Alok K Bohara, and Xiaomin Ruan. "Healthy mothers, healthy children: does maternal demand for antenatal care matter for child health in Nepal?." Health Policy and Planning 26, no. 3 (2011): 242-256.

104 Hall, Sarah. "Neonatal mortality in developing countries: What can we learn from DHS data?." (2005) Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute Applications & Policy Working Paper.

105 Hannum, Emily, and Claudia Buchmann. "Global educational expansion and socio-economic development: An assessment of findings from the social sciences." World Development 33, no. 3 (2005): 333-354.

106 Hannum, Emily, and Claudia Buchmann. The consequences of global educational expansion: Social science perspectives. Cambridge, MA, USA: American Academy of Art and Sciences, 2003.

107 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

108 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

109 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

110 Hussein, Julia, Jaqueline Bell, Maureen Dar Iang, Natasha Mesko, Jenny Amery, and Wendy Graham. "An appraisal of the maternal mortality decline in Nepal." PloS one 6, no. 5 (2011): e1989.

111 Hutchinson, Paul, and Jennifer Wheeler. "Advanced methods for evaluating the impact of family planning communication programs: evidence from Tanzania and Nepal." Studies in Family Planning 37, no. 3 (2006): 169-186.

112 Jain, Saranga, and Kathleen Kurz. New insights on preventing child marriage: A global analysis of factors and programs. : International Center for Research on Women, 2007.

113 Joshi, D, SC Baral, S Giri, and AMV Kumar. "Universal institutional delivery among mothers in a remote mountain district of Nepal: what are the challenges?." Public Health Action 6, no. 4 (2016): 267-272.

114 Joshi L, Puspa. "Population monograph of Nepal." (2003) Chapter 16: The quality of census data 2001: an evaluation.

115 Kafle, P P, K N Pakuryal, R R Regmi, and S Luintel. "Health problems and social consequences in teenage pregnancy in rural Kathmandu Valley.." Nepal Med Coll J 12, no. 1 (2010): 42-44.

116 Karki, Sujan. "Utilization of skilled birth attendants during childbirth in Nepal: an evaluation based on the 2001 and 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys." 2nd International Conference on Reproductive Health and Social Sciences Research. Bangkok, Thailand, August 8, 2008.

117 Karki B, Yagya. "Population monograph of Nepal." (2003) Chapter 12: Fertility levels, patterns and trends in Nepal.

118 KC, S, M Speringer, A Thapa, and MN Khanal. "Projecting Nepal's Demographic Future-How to deal with spatial and demographic heterogeneity." IIASA Working Paper , no. 16-021 (2016).

119 Khanal, Vishnu, Andy H Lee, Jane A Scott, Rajendra Karkee, and Colin W Binns. "Implications of methodological differences in measuring the rates of exclusive breastfeeding in Nepal: findings from literature review and cohort study." BMC pregnancy and childbirth 16, no. 1 (2016).

120 Kidsley, Sally. "Contraceptive use in Nepal." PhD, University of Southampton, 2006.

121 Kim, S. A, A. D Stein, and R. Martorell. "Country development and the association between parity and overweight." International journal of obesity 31, no. 5 (2006): 805-812.

122 Klement, Julie, and Barry Silverman. "Primary health care services in Nepal: Program options in response to conflict." (2003) Monitoring, Evaluation, and Design Support (MEDS) Project.

123 Kojima, Masami, Robert Bacon, and Xin Zhou. "Who uses bottled gas? evidence from households in developing countries." (2011) Evidence from Households in Developing Countries (July 1, 2011). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, Vol.

124 Korenromp, Eline. "Malaria incidence estimates at country level for the year 2004. Proposed estimates and draft report." (2005) World Health Organization, Roll Back Malaria. Geneva: WHO.

125 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.

126 Kruk, Margaret E, Sandro Galea, Marta Prescott, and Lynn P Freedman. "Health care financing and utilization of maternal health services in developing countries." Health policy and planning 22, no. 5 (2007): 303.

127 Kruk, Margaret E, Marta R Prescott, Helen de Pinho, and Sandro Galea. "Equity and the child health Millennium Development Goal: the role of pro-poor health policies." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 65, no. 4 (2011): 327-333.

128 Lamberti, Laura M, Christa L Walker, and Robert E Black. "Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low-and middle-income countries." (2012) BMC Public Health.

129 LeFevre, Joyce, Rebeca Quiroga, and Elaine Murphy. Reproductive health and rights-reaching the hardly reached. Article 14: Future options foreclosed: girls who marry early. Washington, DC, USA: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health , 2002.

130 Li, Yunrong, and Ricardo Mora. "Re-assessing the Impact of the Grandparent’s Income on the Infant Mortality Rate: An Evaluation of the Old Age Allowance Program in Nepal." (2016) World Development.

131 Limwattananon, Supon, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, and Supakit Sirilak. "Trends and inequities in where women delivered their babies in 25 low-income countries: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys." Reproductive Health Matters 19, no. 37 (2011): 75-85.

132 Lindquist, Katharine. Horizontal educational inequalities and civil conflict: The nexus of ethnicity, inequality, and violent conflict. : Carleton College, 2011.

133 Liu, Li, Qingfeng Li, Rose A Lee, Ingrid K Friberg, Jamie Perin, Neff Walker, and Robert E Black. "Trends in causes of death among children under 5 in Bangladesh, 1993-2004: an exercise applying a standardized computer algorithm to assign causes of death using verbal autopsy data." Population Health Metrics 9, no. 43 (2011).

134 Lloyd B, Cynthia. Schooling and adolescent reproductive behavior in developing countries. : Millennium Project, 2006.

135 Lloyd B, Cynthia. "The changing transitions to adulthood in a comparative perspective: The case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4 (2004): 441-467.

136 Lopriore, C, M C Dop, A Solal-Celigny, and G Lagnado. "Excluding infants under 6 months of age from surveys: impact on prevalence of pre-school undernutrition." Public health nutrition 10, no. 01 (2007): 79-87.

137 MacDonagh, Sandra, Susan Murray, and Tim Ensor. Examining the role of private maternity services in Nepal, India, and Tanzania: Literature review & case study tool kit. London, UK: King's College, 2003.

138 Macdonald, Kevin. "Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Development." (2010) Indigenous peoples and development goals: a global snapshot.

139 MacDonald H, Theodore. Health, trade and human rights. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, 2006.

140 MacDonald H, Theodore. Third world health: Hostage to first world health. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, 2005.

141 Malarcher, Shawn. "Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation." (2010) 1. A view of sexual and reproductive health through the equity lens.

142 Manandhar,. "Perinatal death audit." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2, no. 4 (2004): 375-383.

143 Marriott, Bernadette M, Larry Campbell, Erica Hirsch, and David Wilson. "Preliminary data from demographic and health surveys on infant feeding in 20 developing countries." The Journal of Nutrition 137, no. 2 (2007): 518S-523S.

144 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

145 Mathur, Sanyuka, Margaret Greene, and Anju Malhotra. Too young to wed: The lives, rights, and health of young married girls. : International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), 2003.

146 Meheus, F., and E. Van Doorslaer. "Achieving better measles immunization in developing countries: does higher coverage imply lower inequality?." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 8 (2008): 1709-1718.

147 Menchini, Leonardo, and Giovanni Cornia. "The pace and distribution of health improvements during the last 40 years: some preliminary results." (2004) Centro Studi Luca D'Agliano Development Studies Working Papers.

148 Menon, Nidhiya, and Yana van der Meulen Rodgers. "War and women's work: evidence from the conflict in Nepal." (2011) World Bank Policy Research Working Papers.

149 Mishra, Khushbu, and Abdoul G Sam. "Does Women’s Land Ownership Promote Their Empowerment? Empirical Evidence from Nepal." (2016) World Development.

150 Montgomery, Mark R, and Paul C Hewett. "Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood effects." Demography 42, no. 3 (2005): 397-425.

151 Moradi, Alexander. "Selective mortality or growth after childhood? What really is key to understand the puzzlingly tall adult heights in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) CSAE Working Paper Series.

152 Morris, Saul S, Robert E Black, and Lana Tomaskovic. "Predicting the distribution of under-five deaths by cause in countries without adequate vital registration systems." International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 6 (2003): 1041.

153 Moser, Kath, Chris Frost, and David A Leon. "Comparing health inequalities across time and place—rate ratios and rate differences lead to different conclusions: analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries 1991-2001." International journal of epidemiology 36, no. 6 (2007): 1285-1291.

154 Mullany, Britta C, Michelle J Hindin, and Stan Becker. "Can women's autonomy impede male involvement in pregnancy health in Katmandu, Nepal?." Social Science & Medicine 61, no. 9 (2005): 1993-2006.

155 Nandy, Shailen, and J. Jaime Miranda. "Overlooking undernutrition? Using a composite index of anthropometric failure to assess how underweight misses and misleads the assessment of undernutrition in young children." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 9 (2008): 1963-1966.

156 Nielsen, Lasse C, and Sundar M Shrestha. Social assessment of the Nepal health sector reform. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2001.

157 Nisar, Yasir Bin, Michael J Dibley, Saba Mebrahtu, Naveen Paudyal, and Madhu Devkota. "Antenatal Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation Reduces Neonatal and Under-5 Mortality in Nepal." The Journal of nutrition 145, no. 8 (2015): 1873-1883.

158 Nisar, Yasir B, Michael Dibley, Saba Mebrahtu, Naveen Paudyal, and Madhu Devkota. "Antenatal Iron-folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation Reduces Mortality in Children Less than 5 years of Age in Nepal." (2015)

159 Nosseir, Nazek. Family in the new millennium: major trends affecting families in North Africa. : United Nations, 2003.

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163 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.

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168 Pomeroy-Stevens, Amanda, Madhukar B Shrestha, Monica Biradavolu, Kusum Hachhethu, Robin Houston, Indu Sharma, and Jolene Wun. "Prioritizing and Funding Nepal’s Multisector Nutrition Plan." Food and nutrition bulletin 37, no. 4_suppl (2016): S151-S169.

169 Pradhan, Ajit, and Molly Strachan. Adolescent and youth reproductive health in Nepal: Status, issues, policies, and programs. USA: POLICY Project, 2003.

170 Pradhan, Amita. "Factors associated with nutritional status of the under five children." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (2010): 6-8.

171 Pradhan, Y V, Shyam R Upreti, Naresh P KC, Ashish KC, Neena Khadka, Uzma Syed, Mary V Kinney, Ramesh K Adhikari, Parashu R Shrestha, Kusum Thapa, Amit Bhandari, Kristina Grear, Tanya Guenther , and Stephen N Wall. "Newborn survival in Nepal: a decade of change and future implications." Health Policy and Planning 27, no. suppl 3 (2012): iii57-iii71.

172 Prasai, Yogendra, Beth Temple, and Alison Morgan. Developing an investment case for financing equitable progress towards MDGs 4 and 5 in the Asia Pacific region phase 1: data mapping. 2009.

173 Pullum W, Thomas. "An assessment of the quality of data on health and nutrition in the DHS Surveys, 1993-2003." (2008) DHS Methodological Reports.

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175 Puri, Mahesh, Roger Ingham, and Zoe Matthews. "Assessing the prevalence and determinants of reported unintended pregnancy amongst young couples in Nepal." International Union for the Scientific Study of Population XXV International Population Conference. Tours, France, July 18-23, 2005.

176 Rai, Shiba K, Kazuko Hirai, Ayako Abe, and Yoshimi Ohno. "Infectious diseases and malnutrition status in Nepal: An overview." Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 8, no. 2 (2002): 191-200.

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178 Rajbhandari, Swaraj, Stephen Hodgins, Harshad Sanghvi, Robert McPherson, Yasho V Pradhan, Abdullah H Baqui, and Misoprostol Study Group. "Expanding uterotonic protection following childbirth through community-based distribution of misoprostol: operations research study in Nepal." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 108, no. 3 (2010): 282-288.

179 Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra. "Health system strengthening using primary health care approach. Panel A: equity in health. Topic: role of social determinants in health equity.." WHO Regional Conference: Revitalizing Primary Health Care. Jakarta, Indonesia, August 6-8, 2008.

180 Rao, Raja, and Dhruba Thrapa. Nepal: Reproductive health commodity pricing survey: Understanding equity, access, and affordability of essential reproductive health commodities. Arlington, VA, USA: DELIVER, 2005.

181 Raveendran, Rini. "A Study on the Unmet Need Of Contraception in Rural area of Davangere Taluk And Pattern of Adoption of Contraceptive Methods." M.D. in Community Medicine , J.J.M. Medical Collage, 2008.

182 Regmi, Gokarna, and Bishnu Dass Singh Dangol. "Population monograph of Nepal." (2003) Chapter 13: Levels and patterns of mortality.

183 Regmi, Krishna, Jennie Naidoo, Alan Greer, and Paul Pilkington. "Understanding the effect of decentralisation on health services: the Nepalese experience." Journal of health organization and management 24, no. 4 (2010): 361-382.

184 Reynolds, Heidi W, Emelita L Wong, and Heidi Tucker. "Adolescents' use of maternal and child health services in developing countries." International Family Planning Perspectives 32, no. 1 (2006): 6-16.

185 Rijal, Fariha. "The impact of behavior change communication program on knowledge of HIV/AIDS among married women: evidence from Nepal." 1st International Conference on Reproductive Health and Social Sciences Research. Bangkok, Thailand, 2007.

186 Riosmena, Fernando, Isolde Prommer, Anne Goujon, Samir KC, and Wolfgang Lutz. "An Evaluation of the IIASA/VID Education-Specific Back Projections." (2008) IIASA Interim Report IR-08-019, IIASA.

187 Robinson, Warren C, and John A Ross. The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies and Programs. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2007.

188 Ronsmans, Carine, Sara Holtz, and Cynthia Stanton. "Socioeconomic differentials in caesarean rates in developing countries: a retrospective analysis." The Lancet 368, no. 9546 (2006): 1516-1523.

189 Rutstein O, Shea. "Further evidence of the effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant, and under-five-years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

190 Sah, Nepali. "Determinants of child malnutrition in Nepal: A case analysis from Dhanusha, Central Terai of Nepal." (2005) Save the Children Japan-Nepal Office.

191 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Improvements in children’s health: Does inequality matter?." SAGA Working Paper 3, no. 2 (2005): 125-143.

192 Samman, Emma, and Maria E Santos. Agency and Empowerment: A review of concepts, indicators and empirical evidence. : Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, 2009.

193 Sathian, Brijesh, Jayadevan Sreedharan, Nishida Chandrasekharan, Ankush Mittal, and Indrajit Banerjee. "Hormonal contraception In Nepal: a necessary enquiry." WebmedCentral Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3, no. 6 (2012).

194 Schady, Norbert, and Marc F Smitz. Aggregate economic shocks and infant mortality: New evidence for middle-income countries. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank, 2009.

195 Sedgh, Gilda, Rubina Hussain, Akinrinola Bankole, and Susheela Singh. Women with an unmet need for contraception in developing countries and their reasons for not using a method. New York, USA: Guttmacher Institute, 2007.

196 Senarath, Upul, and Nalika Sepali Gunawardena. "Women's autonomy in decision making for health care in south Asia." Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 21, no. 2 (2009): 137.

197 Shakya, Ganga, Sabitri Kishore, Cherry Bird, and Jennifer Barak. "Abortion law reform in Nepal: women's right to life and health." Reproductive Health Matters 12, no. 24 supplement (2004): 75-84.

198 Shapiro, David, Amanda Kreider, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. "Stalling of fertility transitions and socioeconomic change in the developing world: evidence from the demographic and health surveys." 36th Chaire Quetelet, Annual Symposium in Demography. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium, November, 2010.

199 Sharma, S., Y. Sawangdee, and B. Sirirassamee. "Access to health: women's status and utilization of maternal health services in Nepal." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 5 (2007): 671.

200 Sharma K, Nil. "Green cities: Plan for planet: Agriculture and environment." (2005) Demographic situation in Nepal.

201 Shively, Gerald, Jared Gars, and Celeste Sununtnasuk. "A review of food security and human nutrition issues in Nepal." (2011) Purdue University Department of Agricultural Economics Staff Paper.

202 Shrestha, Saraswoti K, Bilkis Banu, Khursida Khanom, Liaquat Ali, Narbada Thapa, Babill Stray-Pedersen, and Bhimsen Devkota. "Changing trends on the place of delivery: why do Nepali women give birth at home?." Reproductive Health 9, no. 25 (2012): 25.

203 Shrestha S, Sundar. "Essays on Childhood Nutritional Deprivation in Nepal and Off-farm Employment in the United States: Multi-level and Spatial Econometric Modeling Approach." PhD, Agricultural, Environmental and Regional Economics & Demography, The Pennsylvania State University, 2007.

204 Shrestha, Sundar S, and Jill L Findeis. "Maternal human capital and childhood stunting In Nepal: A multi-level modeling approach." American Agricultural Economics Association 2007 Annual Meeting. Portland, USA, July-August 29-1, 2007.

205 Stone, Nicole, Roger Ingham, and Padam Simkhada. "Knowledge of sexual health issues among unmarried young people in Nepal." Asia-Pacific Population Journal 18, no. 2 (2003): 33-54.

206 Storeygard, Adam, Deborah Balk, Marc Levy, and Glenn Deane. "The global distribution of infant mortality: a subnational spatial view." Population, space and place 14, no. 3 (2008): 209-229.

207 Stover, John, and John Ross. "How increased contraceptive use has reduced maternal mortality." Maternal and child health journal 14, no. 5 (2010): 687-695.

208 Subedi, Bhim Prasad. "The aged and the marginal: Social geography of older people in Nepal." (2004) Himalayan Review.

209 Sugden, Craig. "Is Growth in Asia and the Pacific Inclusive?." (2012) ADB Economics Working Paper Series.

210 Sullivan M, Jeremiah. "An assessment of the credibility of child mortality declines estimated from DHS mortality rates." (2008) UNICEF (report draft).

211 Sutherland, Elizabeth G, Conrad Otterness, and Barbara Janowitz. "What happens to contraceptive use after injectables are introduced? An analysis of 13 countries." International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 37, no. 4 (2011): 202-208.

212 Suwal V, Juhee. "Socio-cultural dynamics of birth intervals in Nepal." Contributions to Nepalese Studies 28, no. 1 (2001): 11-33.

213 Symons, Xavier. "The scary advance of gendercide in Nepal." (2015)

214 Tamang, Jyotsna. Domestic violence in Nepal. New Delhi, India: Emerald Group Publishing, 2009.

215 Thapa, Kusum, Harshad Sanghvi, Barbara Rawlins, Yagya B Karki, Kiran Regmi, Shilu Aryal, Yeshoda Aryal, Peter Murakami, Jona Bhattarai, and Stephanie Suhowatsky. "Coverage, compliance, acceptability and feasibility of a program to prevent pre-eclampsia and eclampsia through calcium supplementation for pregnant women: an operations research study in one district of Nepal." BMC pregnancy and childbirth 16, no. 1 (2016).

216 Thapa, Rita. "A commentary on declining maternal mortality in Nepal." Health Renaissance 9, no. 1 (2011): 1-2.

217 Thapa, Shyam. "Declining trends of infant, child and under-five mortality in Nepal." Journal of tropical pediatrics 54, no. 4 (2008): 265-268.

218 Thapa, Shyam, Minja K Choe, and Robert D Retherford. "Effects of vitamin A supplementation on child mortality: evidence from Nepal's 2001 Demographic and Health Survey." Tropical Medicine & International Health 10, no. 8 (2005): 782-789.

219 Uranw, Surendra, Fresier Maseko, Sarita Khatri, and Nasreen S Ria. "Effect of education on delivery practices among mothers attending health facilities in Sunsari District Nepal." Master of Public Health, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006.

220 Valente, Christine. "What did the Maoists ever do for us? Education and marriage of women exposed to civil conflict in Nepal." (2011) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

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222 Van de Poel, Ellen. "Urbanization, health and inequality in the developing world." PhD Thesis, University Rotterdam, 2009.

223 Van de Poel, Ellen, Owen O’Donnell, and Eddy Van Doorslaer. "Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries." Social Science & Medicine 65, no. 10 (2007): 1986-2003.

224 Van de Poel, Ellen, Ahmad R Hosseinpoor, Niko Speybroeck, Tom Van Ourti, and Jeanette Vega. "Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 4 (2008): 282-291.

225 Wardlaw, Tessa, Ann Blanc, Jelka Zupan, and Elisabeth Ahman. Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. New York, USA: WHO, 2004.

226 Wardlaw M, Tessa. Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2004.

227 Wee, David W, Luke C Mullany, Joanne Katz, Subarna Khatry, Steven C LeClerq, and James M Tielsch. "Pregnancy-related mortality in southern Nepal between 2001 and 2006: independent estimates from a prospective, population-based cohort and a direct sisterhood survey." American journal of epidemiology 172, no. 7 (2010): 855-860.

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229 Wilkinson, David. "The Nepal safer motherhood project (NSMP): A model for change." (2004) Family Health Division, Department of Health Services.

230 Wils, Annababette, Yijie Zhao, and Ash Hartwell. "Looking below the surface: Reaching the out-of-school children." (2006) Education Policy Data Center Working Papers.

231 Wright, Jim A, Hong Yang, and Kate Walker. "Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘dry season’ bias?." (2011) Population, Space and Place.

232 Xu, Ke, Priyanka Saksena, and David B Evans. "Health financing and access to effective interventions." (2010) World Heath Report Background Paper.

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