Demographic and Health Survey 1992

Egypt, Arab Rep., 1992 - 1993

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EGY_1992_DHS_v01_M

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National Population Council (NPC)

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

2 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.

3 The state of demographic transition in Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Economic Commission for Africa, 2001.

4 World population monitoring 2003: Population, education and development. New York, USA: UN, 2004.

5 Abdel, Fattah. "The relational Gompertz model in detecting the recent changes of fertility in Egypt." The Egyptian population and family planning review 27, no. 2 (1993): 82.

6 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

7 Adetunji, Jacob. "Trends in under-5 mortality rates and the HIV/AIDS epidemic." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 10 (2000): 1200-1206.

8 Ali, Kamran. "Faulty deployments: Persuading women and constructing choice in Egypt." Comparative studies in society and history 44, no. 2 (2002): 370-394.

9 Ali, Kamran Asdar. "The politics of family planning in Egypt." Anthropology today 12, no. 5 (1996): 14-19.

10 Ali, M.M., A.G. Babiker, and J.G. Cleland. "Analysis of failure time hierarchical data in the presence of competing risks with application to oral contraceptive pill use in Egypt." Statistics in medicine 20, no. 23 (2001): 3611-3624.

11 Ali, Mohamed M, Tom Marshall, and Abdel G Babiker. "Analysis of incomplete durations with application to contraceptive use." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 164, no. 3 (2001): 549-563.

12 Ambrossetti, Elena. "Travail féminin en Égypte: Nouvelles perspectives." Proceedings: Actes des colloques de l'AIDELF. 2006.

13 Amin, Sajeda. "Implications of trade liberalization for working women’s marriage: Case studies of Bangladesh, Egypt and Vietnam." (2006) Trading Women’s Health and Rights.

14 Amin, Sajeda. "Trading women's health and rights? Trade liberalization and reproductive health in developing economies." (2006) Implications of trade liberalization for working women's marriage: case studies of Bangladesh, Egypt and Vietnam.

15 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

16 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

17 Bankole, Akinrinola, and Susheela Singh. "Couples' fertility and contraceptive decision-making in developing countries: hearing the man's voice." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 1 (1998).

18 Becker, Stan. "Couples and reproductive health: a review of couple studies." Studies in family planning 27, no. 6 (1996): 291-306.

19 Becker, Stan, Youssef Waheeb, Bouthaaina El-Deeb, Nagwa Khallaf, and Robert Black. "Estimating the completeness of under-5 death registration in Egypt." Demography 33, no. 3 (1996): 329-339.

20 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

21 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "Intergenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: Trends and Country Differences." (2010) University of Bristol.

22 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "The intergenerational correlation of health in developing countries." (2008) University of Bristol, UK.

23 Blanc, Ann K, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Monitoring low birth weight: an evaluation of international estimates and an updated estimation procedure." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 3 (2005): 178-185d.

24 Block, Steven A, William A Masters, and Priya Bhagowalia. "Child undernutrition, household poverty and national income in developing countries: Quantile regression results." Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010: AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, USA, July 25-27, 2010.

25 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

26 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

27 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

28 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

29 Bonneuil, Noel, and Chouaa Dassouki. "Womens education and diffusion of the fertility transition: The case of Egypt 1960-1996 in 4905 administrative subdivisions." Journal of Population Research 23, no. 1 (2006): 27-39.

30 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

31 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

32 Brockerhoff, Martin, and Ellen Brennan. "The poverty of cities in developing regions." Population and Development Review 24, no. 1 (1998): 75-114.

33 Brown, Jennifer, Roeland Monasch, George Bicego, Anthony Burton, and J. Ties Boerma. "An assessment of the quality of national child immunization coverage estimates in population-based surveys." (2002) MEASURE Evaluation Project.

34 Buekens, P., A. Tsui, M. Kotelchuck, and J. Degraft-Johnson. "Tetanus immunization and prenatal care in developing countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 91-94.

35 Bulatao A, Rodolfo. Key indicators for family planning projects. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 1995.

36 Bulatao, Rodolfo A, and John A Ross. "Rating maternal and neonatal health services in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80, no. 9 (2002): 721-727.

37 Camlin, Carol, and Ines Escandon. "Contraceptive sterilization: Global issues and trends." (2002) Chapter 2: Sterilization incidence and prevalence.

38 Campbell, Oona, Reginald Gipson, Adel Issa, Nahed Matta, Botheena El Deeb, Ayman El Mohandes, Anna Alwen, and Esma Mansour. "National maternal mortality ratio in Egypt halved between 1992-93 and 2000." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 6 (2005): 462-471.

39 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

40 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

41 Cupito, Emily, and Ray Langsten. "Inclusiveness in higher education in Egypt." (2011) Higher Education.

42 Dassouki, Chouaa, and Noel Bonneuil. "Economics, geography, family planning and rapidity of change in the demographic Ttansition: The case of the Egyptian Muhafazas 1960-1996." The Journal of Developing Areas 40, no. 2 (2007): 185-186.

43 De Bel-Air, Françoise. "Youth and Family Policies in Arab Countries and Turkey: The Political Stakes of Demography." (2016)

44 Delamonica, Enrique, Alberto Minujin, and Jama Gulaid. "Monitoring equity in immunization coverage." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 5 (2005): 384-391.

45 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

46 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.

47 Dudwick, Nora, Katy Hull, Roy Katayama, Forhad Shilpi, and Kenneth Simler. From farm to firm: Rural-urban transition in developing countries. Washington DC, USA: World Bank, 2011.

48 Edwards, S. "Method use is relatively high in Egypt, but so are levels of unwanted births." International Family Planning Perspectives 20, no. 4 (1994): 158-160.

49 El Ghonemy, Mohamad Riad. Egypt in the twenty first century: challenges for development. : Routledge, 2003.

50 El-Bakly, S., and R.W. Hess. "Mass media makes a difference.." Integration (Tokyo, Japan) , no. 41 (1994).

51 El-Saadani, Somaya. "High fertility does not cause spontaneous intrauterine fetal loss: The determinants of spontaneous fetal loss in Egypt." Biodemography and Social Biology 47, no. 3-4 (2000): 218-243.

52 El-Sayed, Nawal, Laila Nofal, Hamdy Zeid, Ashry Gad, Magda Shabayek, Safaa Saleh, and Mona El Prince. "Prevalence and potential determinants of protein-energy malnutrition in Upper Egypt." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 21, no. 3 (2000): 333-337.

53 El-Zanaty, Fatma. Egypt demographic and health survey: 1992. : National Population Council, 1993.

54 El-Zeini O, Laila. "The path to replacement fertility in Egypt: Acceptance, preference, and achievement." Studies in family planning 39, no. 3 (2008): 161-176.

55 El-Zeini O, Laila. "The status of fertility transition in Egypt and Morocco: Explaining the differences." 26th IUSSP International Population Conference. Marrakech, Morocco, 2009.

56 Eltigani E, Eltigani. "Stalled fertility decline in Egypt, why?." Population & Environment 25, no. 1 (2003): 41-59.

57 Engelhardt, Henriette, and Wolfgang Lutz. Recent trends and components of change in fertility in Egypt. Laxenborg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2005.

58 Eskafy, Azza Mohamed Ibrahim. "Improving the nutritional status of preschool children in El-Menoufia Governorate, Egypt." Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 2008.

59 Fargues, Phillipe. "State policies and the birth rate in Egypt: from socialism to liberalism." (1997) Population and Development Review.

60 Filmer, Deon. "The structure of social disparities in education: gender and wealth." (1999) The World Bank Development Research Group/ Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network.

61 Filmer, Deon. "The Structure of Social Disparities in Enducation: Gender and Wealth." (2000)

62 Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. "The effect of household wealth on educational attainment: evidence from 35 countries." Population and Development Review 25, no. 1 (1999): 85-120.

63 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

64 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

65 Filmer, Deon, Elizabeth M King, and Lant Pritchett. Gender disparity in South Asia: comparisons between and within countries. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources, 1998.

66 Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. "The Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Demographic and Health Survey Evidence." (1998) Policy Research Working Paper.

67 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. "Urban Mortality Transitions: The Role of Slums." (2011) International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.

68 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

69 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

70 Fotso, Jean-Christophe, and Barthelemy Kuate-Defo. "Household and community socioeconomic influences on early childhood malnutrition in Africa." Journal of biosocial science 38, no. 03 (2006): 289-313.

71 Fotso, Jean-Christophe, and Bartholomy Kuate-Defo. "Socioeconomic inequalities in early childhood malnutrition and morbidity: modification of the household-level effects by the community SES." (2005) Health and Place.

72 Fumagalli, Elena. "Three essays in health and social participation." PhD, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia , 2010.

73 Goujon, Anne, Huda Alkitkat, Wolfgang Lutz, Isolde Prommer, and Leen Hordijk. Population and human capital growth in Egypt: Projections for governorates to 2051. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Registration number: ZVR 524808900 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2007.

74 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

75 Hailat, M., and F. Peracchi. "Household environment and child health in Egypt." (2011)

76 Halawa, M., F.M. Bashay, E. Eggleston, K. Hardee, L. Kafafi, and J.W. Brown. "Assessing the impact of a family planning nurse training program in Egypt." Population Research and Policy Review 14, no. 4 (1995): 395-409.

77 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

78 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

79 Hewett, Paul C, and Mark R Montgomery. "Poverty and public services in developing-country cities." (2001) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

80 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

81 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

82 Houweling, Tanja A, Carine Ronsmans, Oona M Campbell, and Anton E Kunst. "Huge poor-rich inequalities in maternity care: an international comparative study of maternity and child care in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 10 (2007): 745-754.

83 Hulton, Louise, and Jane Falkingham. "Male contraceptive knowledge and practice: what do we know?." Reproductive Health Matters 4, no. 7 (1996): 90-100.

84 Ibrahim, Barbara, Laila Nawar, and Cynthia Lloyd. "Women's autonomy and the limits of population policy in Egypt." (1997) Arab society: class, gender, power, and development.

85 Ibrahim, Saad Edin. "State, women, and civil society: an evaluation of Egypt's population policy." (1997) Arab society: class, gender, power, and development.

86 Jensen, Eric R, and Dennis A Ahlburg. A multicountry analysis of the impact of unwantedness and number of children on child health and preventive and curative care. Washington, DC, USA: The Policy Project, 1999.

87 Johnston, Heidi B, and Kenneth H Hill. "Induced abortion in the developing world: indirect estimates." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 3 (1996): 108-137.

88 Karim S, Mehtab. "Reproductive behavior in Muslim countries." (1997) DHS Working Papers.

89 Khawaja, M, N Choueiry, and R Jurdi. "Hospital-based caesarean section in the Arab region: an overview." Eastern Mediterranean health journal= La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale= al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 15, no. 2 (2009): 458.

90 Khawaja, Marwan, Rozzet Jurdi, and Tamar Kabakian-Khasholian. "Rising trends in cesarean section rates in Egypt." Birth 31, no. 1 (2004): 12-16.

91 Khodair, Amany, and Steven Wisensale. "The role of mass communication in Egyptian family planning policy." (2001) Handbook of global social policy.

92 Kosec, Katrina. "Child health implications of water sector policies in Africa." (2009)

93 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)

94 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

95 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.

96 Langsten, Ray, and Tahra Hassan. "Education transitions in Egypt: The effects of gender and wealth." 2009 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. 2009.

97 Langsten, Ray, and Kenneth Hill. "The accuracy of mothers' reports of child vaccination: Evidence from rural Egypt." Social Science & Medicine 46, no. 9 (1998): 1205-1212.

98 Langsten, Ray, and Rania Salem. "Measuring women’s work: A methodological exploration." Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles. 2006.

99 Langsten, Ray, and Rania Salem. "Two approaches to measuring women's work in developing countries: A comparison of survey data from Egypt." (2008) Population and Development Review.

100 Lesthaeghe, R, and C Vanderhoeft. "Ready, willing and able: A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral forms." (2001) DIFFUSION PROCESSES FERTILITY TRANSITION.

101 Loaiza, Edilberto. "Maternal nutritional status." (1997) Demographic Health Surveys Comparative Studies .

102 Lopez, Alan D, Joshua Salomon, Omar Ahmad, Christopher J Murray, and Doris Mafat. "Life tables for 191 countries: data, methods and results." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series (WHO).

103 Louhichi, Khaled. "The impact of the emigration of the husband on the status of the wife: The case of Egypt." (1997) Women and Families: Evolution of the Status of Women as Factor and Consequence of Changes in Family Dynamics.

104 Mahler, K. "Lower Egyptian fertility linked to later marriage, increased method use." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 4 (1996): 179-181.

105 Mahler, K. "Women who practice Islam vary widely in reproductive attitudes and behaviors." International Family Planning Perspectives 25, no. 1 (1999).

106 Martorell, R, L K Khan, M L Hughes, and L M Grummer-Strawn. "Obesity in women from developing countries." European journal of clinical nutrition 54, no. 3 (2000): 247-252.

107 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

108 Mathur, Sanyuka, Margaret Greene, and Anju Malhotra. Too young to wed: The lives, rights, and health of young married girls. : International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), 2003.

109 Mei, Zuguo, and Laurence M Grummer-Strawn. "Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: a cross country analysis." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 6 (2007): 441-448.

110 Menchini, Leonardo, and Giovanni Cornia. "The pace and distribution of health improvements during the last 40 years: some preliminary results." (2004) Centro Studi Luca D'Agliano Development Studies Working Papers.

111 MENSCH, Barbara S, Judith BRUCE, and Margaret E GREENE. "The Unchartered Passage: Girls' Adolescence in the Developing World." (1998) Population Council.

112 Minujin, Alberto, and Enrique Delamonica. "Socio-economic inequalities in mortality and health in the developing world." Demographic Research 2, no. 13 (2004): 331-354.

113 Montgomery, Mark R, and Paul C Hewett. "Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood effects." Demography 42, no. 3 (2005): 397-425.

114 Nestel, Penelope, and Shea Rutstein. "Defining nutritional status of women in developing countries." Public health nutrition 5, no. 01 (2002): 17-27.

115 Nosseir, Nazek. Family in the new millennium: major trends affecting families in North Africa. : United Nations, 2003.

116 Olenick, I. "Female circumcision is nearly universal in Egypt, Eritrea, Mali and Sudan." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 1 (1998): 47-49.

117 Ostby, Gudrun. "Dissaggregated inequalities and conflict in developing countries." Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting. Konstanz, Germany, June 2-5, 2005.

118 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries." (2006) Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). Working Paper.

119 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries, 1986-2003." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

120 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.

121 Pelletier, David L, and Edward A Frongillo. "Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries." The Journal of nutrition 133, no. 1 (2003): 107.

122 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

123 Ravenholt, Betty B, and Susan Russell. "Legal and regulatory environment affecting family planning in Egypt." (1993) A Special Report Prepared for the National Population Council under the OPTIONS II Project, USAID, Washington DC.

124 Rogers, Glenn. "Measuring socioeconomic impact of agricultural policy on geographic regions in Egypt." (2003) Does Agricultural Policy Reform Work.

125 Ross, John, and Laura Heaton. "Intended contraceptive use among women without an unmet need." (1997) International Family Planning Perspectives.

126 Ross A, John. "Effort measures for family planning action programs: Past trends and future prospects." Completing the Fertility Transition , no. 48/49 (2002).

127 Roudi, F., and L.S. Ashford. "Men and family planning: focus on Egypt." Population today 24, no. 2 (1996): 3.

128 Ruel, Marie T, James L Garrett, Saul S Morris, Daniel Maxwell, Arne Oshaug, Patrice Engle, Purnima Menon, Alison Slack, and Lawrence Haddad. "Urban challenges to food and nutrition security: A review of food security, health, and caregiving in the cities." (1998) Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper.

129 Sakani, O., and A.G. Zohry. "Socio-economic and demographic factors affecting school enrollment in Egypt.." The Egyptian population and family planning review 28, no. 2 (1994): 116.

130 Shapiro, David, Amanda Kreider, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. "Stalling of fertility transitions and socioeconomic change in the developing world: evidence from the demographic and health surveys." 36th Chaire Quetelet, Annual Symposium in Demography. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium, November, 2010.

131 Singh, Susheela, and Renee Samara. "Early marriage among women in developing countries." (1996) International family planning perspectives.

132 Slack T, Alison. Food and nutrition security data on the World Wide Web. Washington DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1999.

133 Spierings, Niels, Jeroen Smits, and Mieke Verloo. "Two myths about contextual effects on Middle Eastern women’s employment: a multilevel analysis of trends in Egypt and Jordan." (2008) Nijmegen Center for Economics (NiCE).

134 Stephens, Carolyn. "The urban environment, poverty and health in developing countries." Health policy and planning 10, no. 2 (1995): 109-121.

135 Storey, J. Douglas, and Esther B Kaggwa. "The influence of changes in fertility related norms on contraceptive use in Egypt, 1995-2005." Population Review 48, no. 1 (2009).

136 Stover, John, and John Ross. "How increased contraceptive use has reduced maternal mortality." Maternal and child health journal 14, no. 5 (2010): 687-695.

137 Strayhorn A, Kali-Ahset. "Women's paid labor force participation and child immunization: A multilevel model." MA, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.

138 Sutherland, Elizabeth G, Conrad Otterness, and Barbara Janowitz. "What happens to contraceptive use after injectables are introduced? An analysis of 13 countries." International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 37, no. 4 (2011): 202-208.

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147 Wang, Limin. "Health outcomes in poor countries and policy options: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys." (2002) World Bank Policy Research Papers.

148 Weber, Anke. "Sanctioning, clientelism and politicization: The impact of ethnicity on primary and secondary education in Africa." (2009) CIS Working Paper.

149 Weinreb, Alexander. "Characteristics of women in consanguineous marriages in Egypt, 1988-2000." European Journal of Population/Revue europienne de Demographie 24, no. 2 (2008): 185-210.

150 Westoff, Charles F, and Akinrinola Bankole. "The potential demographic significance of unmet need." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 1 (1996): 16-20.

151 Wright, Jim A, Hong Yang, and Kate Walker. "Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘dry season’ bias?." (2011) Population, Space and Place.

152 Xu, Ke, Priyanka Saksena, and David B Evans. "Health financing and access to effective interventions." (2010) World Heath Report Background Paper.

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154 Yount, K.M. "Excess mortality of girls in the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s: Patterns, correlates and gaps in research." Population Studies 55, no. 3 (2001): 291-308.

155 Yount, Kathryn, and Zeinab Khadr. "Gender, social change, and living arrangements among older Egyptians during the 1990s." Population Research and Policy Review 27, no. 2 (2008): 201-225.

156 Yount M, Kathryn. "The patriarchal bargain and intergenerational coresidence in Egypt." Sociological quarterly 46, no. 1 (2005): 137-164.

157 Yount, Kathryn M, and Emily M Agree. "The power of older women and men in Egyptian and Tunisian families." Journal of Marriage and Family 66, no. 1 (2004): 126-146.

158 Yousif, Hassan, Anne Goujon, and Wofgang Lutz. Future population and education trends in the countries of North Africa. Laxenburg, Austria : International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1996.

159 Yousif M, Hassan. "Fertility and mortality in North Africa: Levels, trends and future prospects." (1995) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

160 Zohry G, Ayman. "Population policies and family planning program in Egypt: evolution and performance." CDC 26th annual seminar on population issues. Cairo, Egypt, 1997.

161 Zohry G, Ayman. Reproductive intentions and future fertility in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Cairo Demographic Center, 1996.

162 Zurayk, H., H. Sholkamy, N. Younis, and H. Khattab. "Women's health problems in the Arab World: A holistic policy perspective." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 58, no. 1 (1997): 13-21.

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