PETS - QSDS in Education 2003
Madagascar, 2003
Identification
MDG_2003_PETSE_v01_M
PETS - QSDS in Education 2003
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Madagascar | MDG |
Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS)/Quantitative Service Delivery Survey (QSDS)
A Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) is a diagnostic tool used to study the flow of public funds from the center to service providers. It has successfully been applied in many countries around the world where public accounting systems function poorly or provide unreliable information. The PETS has proven to be a useful tool to identify and quantify the leakage of funds. The PETS has also served as an analytical tool for understanding the causes underlying problems, so that informed policies can be developed. Finally, PETS results have successfully been used to improve transparency and accountability by supporting "power of information" campaigns.
PETS are often combined with Quantitative Service Delivery Surveys (QSDS) in order to obtain a more complete picture of the efficiency and equity of a public allocation system, activities at the provider level, as well as various agents involved in the process of service delivery.
While most of PETS and QSDS have been conducted in the health and education sectors, a few have also covered other sectors, such as justice, Early Childhood Programs, water, agriculture, and rural roads.
In the past decade, about 40 PETS and QSDS have been implemented in about 30 countries. While a large majority of these surveys have been conducted in Africa, which currently accounts for 66 percent of the total number of studies, PETS/QSDS have been implemented in all six regions of the World Bank (East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa).
After 2002 political crisis, Madagascar President Marc Ravalomanana began many reform projects. To mitigate the effects of the aftermath of the political crisis, the new government used part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) funds to pay for the tuition fee of all students in the public primary schools.
There was no representative overview of the financing of local schools at the national level in Madagascar. Given the emphasis on good governance by the new administration and the new approach towards lending that donors were planning to implement, more information about channeling of resources to the expected beneficiaries was necessary.
Based on a representative sample of schools at the national level, the main goal of this study was to provide detailed information on expenditure allocations and leakages in the Madagascar education system.
From April to May 2003, researchers visited schools and district education offices (Cisco) to gather data about funds that should arrive and do arrive at district and local facility levels.
Overall, 185 public primary schools and 24 Cisco's were surveyed in all six Madagascar provinces.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Cisco (Circonscription Scolaire/District Education Facility);
- Primary Schools.
Scope
| Topic | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| Primary Education | World Bank |
| Education | World Bank |
Coverage
Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina, Mahajanga, Toliara and Antsiranana provinces.
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
| National Statistical Institute |
| Cornell University |
| Name |
|---|
| National Agricultural Research Center |
Sampling
The school survey sample included a little over half of the schools visited in the post-crisis survey, conducted by Cornell University, Madagascar's National Statistical Institute and National Agricultural Research Center in November-December 2002.
The post-crisis survey covered 150 Communes. For that survey, the stratified sampling frame was set up to be representative of the situation at the national and provincial levels. Districts (Fivondronana) were divided into six strata depending on the distance to the capital of the province (close, medium, far) and on the availability of a tarred road. In each stratum, one district was selected for every province. In each district (36 out of 111 in total), four Communes were randomly selected. In each Commune, two public primary schools were surveyed: one in the center of the Commune and one remote school that was at least 3 km away from the center. Given the size of the population in cities, these were treated differently. In Antananarivo, 12 public primary schools were surveyed. In the provincial capitals, this number was reduced to six public primary schools. 326 schools were visited in total. 15% and 85% of the schools were located in urban and rural areas respectively.
During PETS-QSDS 2003, 185 public primary schools were surveyed. 73% of schools were located in rural areas. Four districts (Fivondronana) and 13 Communes were visited in each province.
For the district survey, representatives of 24 Cisco's (more than 20% of the district offices in the country) were interviewed. Four Cisco's were visited in each province.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2003-04 | 2003-05 |
It was very difficult to verify the exact amount of funds that left and arrived at Cisco as well as at school levels. The enumerators tried to collect as much physical evidence as possible (bank statements, signed receipts, etc.) in order to be able to quantify the gaps in funding between Cisco's and schools. In the case where this was not possible, enumerators based themselves on the amounts reported as sent and received at both levels.
Data Access
Public use file
The use of this survey must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the identification of the Primary Investigator (including country name)
- the full title of the survey and its acronym (when available), and the year(s) of implementation
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download (for datasets disseminated online).
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Hooman Dabidian | World Bank | hdabidian@worldbank.org |
| Cindy Audiguier | World Bank | caudiguier@worldbank.org |
Metadata production
DDI_MDG_2003_PETSE_v01_M
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Antonina Redko | DECDG, World Bank | DDI documentation |
2011-09-28
Metadata version
v01 (September 2011)