| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ vii
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................. xv
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2014 LDHS ...................................................... xvii
ADDITIONAL DHS PROGRAM RESOURCES ................................................................................................. xxv
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. xxvii
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ................................................................................ xxix
MAP OF LESOTHO ............................................................................................................................................... xxx
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Sample Design .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Blood Pressure Measurement, Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, and HIV Testing ....................... 3
1.5 Pretest ................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Training of Field Staff ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Fieldwork .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Data Processing ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.9 Response Rates ................................................................................................................................. 5
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ............................................... 7
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment ............................................................................................ 7
2.2 Sanitation .......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Household Wealth ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................................. 10
2.6 Household Population and Composition ......................................................................................... 11
2.7 Birth Registration ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.8 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival ................................................................. 12
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................................ 13
2.9.1 Educational Attainment .................................................................................................... 13
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................................ 13
2.10 Distance to a Health Facility ........................................................................................................... 14
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ........................................................................................... 31
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents ................................................................................. 31
3.2 Education and Literacy ................................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Mass Media Exposure ..................................................................................................................... 33
3.4 Employment .................................................................................................................................... 34
3.5 Occupation ...................................................................................................................................... 34
3.6 Health Insurance Coverage ............................................................................................................. 35
3.7 Tobacco Use .................................................................................................................................... 35
3.8 Time Away from Home .................................................................................................................. 36
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................................. 57
4.1 Marital Status .................................................................................................................................. 57
4.2 Polygyny ......................................................................................................................................... 58
4.3 Age at First Marriage ...................................................................................................................... 59
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ....................................................................................................... 59
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity .................................................................................................................... 60
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................................. 71
5.1 Current Fertility .............................................................................................................................. 71
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ....................................................................................................... 72
5.3 Birth Intervals ................................................................................................................................. 73
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy .......................................................................................................... 73
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................................ 74
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ..................................................................................................................... 75
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 85
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................................. 85
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................................ 86
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................................. 87
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates .................................................................................................................... 88
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................................ 97
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................................. 98
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ..................................................................................... 99
7.3 Informed Choice ........................................................................................................................... 100
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives ................................................................................................ 100
7.5 Demand for Family Planning ........................................................................................................ 101
7.6 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers .................................................................. 103
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY .................................................................................................... 115
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................................ 116
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ....................................................................................................... 117
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................................ 117
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ............................................................................................................... 123
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content .......................................................................................... 124
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ............................................................................................................. 124
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................................ 124
9.2 Components of ANC Visits .......................................................................................................... 125
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................................. 125
9.4 Delivery Services .......................................................................................................................... 126
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries .................................................................................................... 126
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery ................................................................................. 127
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean .................................................................................................... 128
9.5 Postnatal Care ............................................................................................................................... 128
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers ............................................................................... 128
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Checks for Newborns .......................................................................... 129
9.6 Problems in Accessing Health Care .............................................................................................. 130
10 CHILD HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 143
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................................. 143
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................................ 144
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection .................................................................................... 145
10.4 Fever ............................................................................................................................................. 146
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................................ 146
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea .................................................................................................. 146
10.5.2 Treatment of Diarrhoea ................................................................................................... 147
10.5.3 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................................ 147
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................................ 148
10.5.5 Men’s Knowledge of Feeding Practices during Diarrhoea ............................................. 148
10.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools........................................................................................................ 149
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ...................................................................................... 163
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children ....................................................................................................... 163
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children ........................................... 163
11.1.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 165
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition .......................................................................................... 165
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ................................................................................... 166
11.2.1 Breastfeeding .................................................................................................................. 166
11.2.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding ................................................................................................. 167
11.2.3 Median Duration of Breastfeeding .................................................................................. 167
11.2.4 Complementary Feeding ................................................................................................. 168
11.2.5 Minimum Acceptable Diet .............................................................................................. 169
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ................................................................................................... 171
11.4 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children ........................................................ 172
11.5 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ........................................................................................ 172
11.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ............................................................................................................. 172
11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women .......................................................................................... 172
11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men ............................................................................................... 173
11.7 Anaemia Prevalence in Adults ...................................................................................................... 174
11.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers ........................................................................................... 174
12 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ..................................... 191
12.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods.................................................. 192
12.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ......................................................................... 193
12.3 HIV/AIDS Attitudes ..................................................................................................................... 194
12.3.1 Attitudes towards People Living with HIV/AIDS .......................................................... 194
12.3.2 Attitudes towards Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husbands .......................... 195
12.3.3 Attitudes towards Condom Education for Young People ............................................... 195
12.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ............................................................................................................... 195
12.5 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................................ 196
12.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services................................................................................................ 197
12.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........................ 197
12.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ................................................................................... 198
12.6.3 Reasons for Not Getting Tested for HIV ........................................................................ 199
12.7 Male Circumcision ........................................................................................................................ 199
12.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections ........................................................................ 200
12.9 Injections ....................................................................................................................................... 201
12.10 HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ......................................... 201
12.10.1 Knowledge ...................................................................................................................... 201
12.10.2 First Sex .......................................................................................................................... 201
12.10.3 Premarital Sex ................................................................................................................. 202
12.10.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 202
12.10.5 Age-mixing in Sexual Relationships .............................................................................. 202
12.10.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services ................................................................................. 203
13 HIV PREVALENCE ................................................................................................................................. 235
13.1 Coverage Rates for HIV Testing ................................................................................................... 235
13.2 HIV Prevalence ............................................................................................................................. 236
13.2.1 HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex .................................................................................... 236
13.2.2 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Risk Behaviour .................................................................... 239
13.2.3 HIV Prevalence among Young People ........................................................................... 239
13.2.4 HIV Prevalence by Other Characteristics Related to HIV Risk ...................................... 240
13.2.5 HIV Prevalence among Couples ..................................................................................... 240
13.3 HIV Incidence .............................................................................................................................. 240
14 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ............................................................................................................... 255
14.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................................. 255
14.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ................................................................................................... 256
14.3 Control over Men’s Earnings ........................................................................................................ 257
14.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ................................................................................... 258
14.5 Women’s Participation in Decision Making ................................................................................. 258
14.6 Attitudes towards Wife Beating .................................................................................................... 259
15 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ........................................................................................... 277
15.1 Data ............................................................................................................................................... 277
15.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality .............................................................................................. 278
15.3 Trends in Adult Mortality ............................................................................................................. 279
15.4 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ........................................................................................ 280
16 TUBERCULOSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 285
16.1 Respondents’ Knowledge of Tuberculosis .................................................................................... 285
16.1.1 Awareness of Tuberculosis and Knowledge that Tuberculosis Can Be Cured ............... 285
16.1.2 Knowledge of Symptoms Associated with Tuberculosis ................................................ 286
16.1.3 Knowledge of the Cause of Tuberculosis and Its Mode of Transmission ....................... 286
16.2 Self-Reported Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment ................................................................... 287
16.2.1 Self-reported Tuberculosis Symptoms ............................................................................ 287
16.2.2 Treatment Seeking for Tuberculosis Symptoms ............................................................. 287
16.2.3 Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment ........................................................................... 288
16.3 Attitudes towards Those Treated for Tuberculosis ....................................................................... 288
17 NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES ..................................................................................................... 301
17.1 Knowledge of Breast Cancer ........................................................................................................ 301
17.2 Breast Self-examination and Clinical Exam ................................................................................. 302
17.3 Knowledge of and Experience with Cervical Cancer Exam ......................................................... 302
17.4 Knowledge and History of Diabetes ............................................................................................. 303
17.5 History of High Blood Pressure .................................................................................................... 303
17.6 Blood Pressure Status .................................................................................................................... 304
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 319
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 321
A.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 321
A.2 Sample Frame ............................................................................................................................... 321
A.3 Sample Design and Implementation ............................................................................................. 322
A.4 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................................ 324
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................................. 333
APPENDIX C HIV TESTING METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 373
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ....................................................................................................... 377
APPENDIX E PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2014 LESOTHO DEMOGRAPHIC
AND HEALTH SURVEY .......................................................................................................... 383
APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES .................................................................................................................. 387 |
