| Author(s) |
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |
| Date |
2009-07-01 |
| Country |
Rwanda |
| Language |
English |
| Contributor(s) |
World Food Programme , United Nations’ Children Fund-Rwanda |
| Publisher(s) |
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda |
| Description |
This file contains the report of Comprehensive Food Security and Nutrition Survey published by NISR and World Food Programme in July 2009. |
| Table of contents |
Foreword ......................................................................................................................... 4
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................6
Acronyms .......................................................................................................................10
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 11
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 17
2. CFSVA Objectives and Methodology ....................................................................... 18
Objectives ............................................................................................................... 18
Conceptual Framework and Definitions ........................................................................ 18
Methodology ............................................................................................................ 21
Sampling Strategy ..................................................................................................... 21
Instruments .............................................................................................................. 22
Data Entry and Analysis ............................................................................................. 23
Methodology: Food Consumption Score ........................................................................ 24
Limitations ................................................................................................................ 24
2009 RWANDA CFSVA and Nutrition Survey Results ...................................................... 26
3. Human and Social Capital ...................................................................................... 26
Demographics .......................................................................................................... 26
Education ................................................................................................................ 27
Health ..................................................................................................................... 29
Migration and Displacement ....................................................................................... 29
4. Natural Capital ....................................................................................................... 31
Agricultural Production .............................................................................................. 31
Climate .................................................................................................................... 31
Productive Land ......................................................................................................... 31
Crops ....................................................................................................................... 32
Duration of Harvest ................................................................................................... 33
Seeds and Agricultural Inputs ..................................................................................... 34
Livestock Ownership ................................................................................................. 35
5. Physical Capital ..................................................................................................... 37
Housing and Amenities .............................................................................................. 37
Housing Structure, and Lighting and Cooking Energy Sources ......................................... 37
Water and Sanitation ................................................................................................. 37
Communication Infrastructures ................................................................................... 38
Asset Ownership and Wealth Index ............................................................................. 38
6. ECONOMIC Capital and Livelihood Strategies ........................................................ 41
Income and Activities ................................................................................................ 41
Income and Activities ................................................................................................. 41
Seasonality and Distribution of the Activities ................................................................. 42
Temporary Migration, Transfer and Remittances ............................................................ 42
Livelihood Strategies Profiles ...................................................................................... 44
Expenditures ............................................................................................................ 50
Food and Non-Food Expenditures ................................................................................ 50
Expenditure Quintiles ................................................................................................. 52
Credit, Cash and Exchange ......................................................................................... 53
7. Food Consumption ................................................................................................. 55
Diet Diversity and Food Sources ................................................................................. 55
Diet diversity ............................................................................................................ 55
Food sources ............................................................................................................. 57
Household Food Consumption Score ............................................................................ 58
Food Consumption Score and Groups ........................................................................... 58
Food Consumption Patterns ........................................................................................ 59
Food Consumption Groups ......................................................................................... 60
Geographic distribution of food consumption groups ...................................................... 60
Changes in food consumption 2006-2009 ..................................................................... 61
Food consumption groups and livelihood strategies ........................................................ 62
Other characteristics associated with food consumption groups ....................................... 63
8. Health and Nutrition .............................................................................................. 65
Hygiene and Child Care Practices ................................................................................ 65
Water and Sanitation ................................................................................................. 65
Child Breastfeeding and Care Practices ......................................................................... 67
Women’s Nutritional Status ........................................................................................ 68
Women’s Body Mass Index ......................................................................................... 68
Children’s Health Status ............................................................................................ 70
Children’s Nutritional Status ....................................................................................... 71
9. Risk and Vulnerability Context ............................................................................... 74
Risk and Vulnerability Approach .................................................................................. 74
Shocks .................................................................................................................... 74
Reported Shocks ....................................................................................................... 74
Droughts .................................................................................................................. 75
Illnesses ................................................................................................................... 78
Food Prices ............................................................................................................... 78
Community level reported problems ............................................................................. 79
Coping strategies ...................................................................................................... 80
Assistance ............................................................................................................... 82
Food Assistance ......................................................................................................... 82
Non-Food Assistance .................................................................................................. 83
10. Underlying Causes of Food Insecurity and Malnutrition ......................................... 84
Underlying causes of food insecurity ........................................................................... 84
Underlying causes of malnutrition ............................................................................... 86
11. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... 89
Food Security and Malnutrition Summary profiles ......................................................... 89
Livelihood Strategy Priorities ....................................................................................... 89
Geographic Priorities .................................................................................................. 91
Other Priority Factors ................................................................................................. 94
Population Estimates for the Highly Food Insecure and Vulnerable Groups ........................ 94
Recommendations and Interventions........................................................................... 96
12. Annexes ................................................................................................................. 97
List of Tables
Table 1: Food Items, Groups and Weights for Calculation of the FCS ....................................... 24
Table 2: Household Composition and Dependency Rate ......................................................... 27
Table 3: Literacy and Education Levels ................................................................................ 28
Table 4: Community level experience of migration/movement. ............................................... 30
Table 5: Crop cultivated 2006-2009 .................................................................................... 33
Table 6: Duration of harvest (months) by strata ................................................................... 34
Table 7: Animal ownership (% of HH) .................................................................................. 36
Table 8: Community level characteristics of temporary/seasonal migrations ............................. 43
Table 9: Livelihood Groups ................................................................................................. 45
Table 10: Characteristics of Livelihood Groups ...................................................................... 47
Table 11: Characteristics of expenditure quintiles .................................................................. 53
Table 12: Credit characteristics by livelihood groups .............................................................. 54
Table 13: Food items consumption by food consumption groups ............................................. 58
Table 14: Food consumption by food consumption patterns .................................................... 60
Table 15: Household characteristics associated with food consumption .................................... 64
Table 16: Water and Sanitation – Children Data .................................................................... 66
Table 17: Child breastfeeding and care practices (% of children) ............................................ 67
Table 18: Measles Vaccination and Vitamin A supplement, 2005-2009 ..................................... 68
Table 19: Women’s malnutrition indicators by province .......................................................... 69
Table 20: Child health ....................................................................................................... 70
Table 21: Symptoms of Diarrhea 2005-2009 ........................................................................ 71
Table 22: Children’s nutrition indicators, 2005-2009 .............................................................. 72
Table 23: Child nutrition by livelihood, wealth index and FCS ................................................. 73
Table 24: Exposure to shocks ............................................................................................. 75
Table 25: Level of exposure to drought ................................................................................ 77
Table 26: Vulnerability to food insecurity as a result of drought (% of HH) ............................... 77
Table 27: Community level problems ................................................................................... 79
Table 28: Coping Strategies and Reduced Coping Strategies Index.......................................... 80
Table 29: Coping mechaNISRms in response to droughts ....................................................... 82
Table 30: Coping mechaNISRms in response to illness ........................................................... 82
Table 31: Adjusted food security regression coefficients for the strata ..................................... 84
Table 32: Adjusted food security regression coefficients for livelihood profiles .......................... 85
Table 33: Adjusted food security regression coefficients for other variables .............................. 85
Table 34: Adjusted coefficient for wasting - Strata ................................................................ 86
Table 35: Adjusted coefficient for wasting – Other variables ................................................... 87
Table 36: Adjusted coefficient for stunting ........................................................................... 88
Table 38: Relation of adjusted variables and food security and malnutrition ............................. 94
List of Figures
Figure 1: Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual Framework ................................................. 19
Figure 2: Geographic distribution of the strata ...................................................................... 22
Figure 3: Sample and Demographic Characteristics by Strata (CFSVA 2009) ............................ 26
Figure 4: Frequency distribution of school attendance ............................................................ 28
Figure 5: Climate and Cropping Seasons Calendar ................................................................. 31
Figure 6: Proportion of households with access to <0.1 ha of land .......................................... 32
Figure 7: Geographic Distribution of Major Crops (% of cultivating households) ........................ 33
Figure 8: Proportion of households with stocks from their harvest, by months .......................... 34
Figure 9: Average Household TLU per strata ......................................................................... 35
Figure 10: Geographic Distribution of Wealth Quintiles (% of HH) ........................................... 38
Figure 11: Physical Capital Indicators and Wealth Index Quintiles ........................................... 39
Figure 12: Seasonality of Livelihood Activities ....................................................................... 42
Figure 13: Activities Contribution to Livelihood (%) by Livelihood Groups ................................. 46
Figure 14: Average Income (RWF) by Activity and Livelihood Groups ....................................... 46
Figure 15: Geographic Distribution of the Main Livelihood Groups ........................................... 49
Figure 16: Food and non-food expenditures by livelihood and wealth groups ............................ 51
Figure 17: Composition of total and food expenditures .......................................................... 52
Figure 18: Food items consumption ..................................................................................... 55
Figure 19: Food items consumption by livelihood profiles ....................................................... 56
Figure 20: Food items consumption by wealth quintiles ......................................................... 56
Figure 21: Food items consumption by strata ....................................................................... 57
Figure 22: Food sources ..................................................................................................... 58
Figure 23: Food items consumption by food consumption score .............................................. 59
Figure 24: Geographic distribution of food consumption groups (CFSVA 2006-2009) ................. 61
Figure 25: Food consumption 2006-2009 ............................................................................. 61
Figure 26: Food consumption groups and livelihood strategies ................................................ 62
Figure 27: Food Consumption Groups by Wealth Quintiles ...................................................... 64
Figure 28: Age-gender distribution of children ...................................................................... 65
Figure 29: Women’s BMI by province ................................................................................... 69
Figure 30: Children’s nutrition indicators by province ............................................................. 72
Figure 31: Nutrition status by age groups ............................................................................ 73
Figure 32: Seasonal distribution of drought .......................................................................... 76
Figure 32: Drought Risk Analysis (WRSI for maize, 1996-2008) .............................................. 76
Figure 33: Seasonal distribution of illnesses ......................................................................... 78
Figure 34: Food prices over time ......................................................................................... 78 |
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