| Table of contents |
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................8
Executive Summary................................................................................................9
Introduction........................................................................................................9
Which populations are vulnerable to food insecurity? .............................................. 10
Where do food insecure populations live? .............................................................. 10
What are the underlying causes of food insecurity?................................................. 10
Livelihoods and Agriculture ................................................................................. 10
Risk Exposure and Coping................................................................................... 12
Education ......................................................................................................... 13
Expenditures..................................................................................................... 13
Credit and Debt ................................................................................................. 14
Migration.......................................................................................................... 14
Health and Nutrition among Women and Children................................................... 15
Water and Sanitation ......................................................................................... 16
What types of interventions are needed?............................................................... 16
Policy Priorities: Recommendations for Government................................................ 17
Part I: Background and socioeconomic context ......................................................... 19
Section 1.1. History ...................................................................................... 19
Section 1.2. Geography, Population and Ethnic Groups ...................................... 19
Section 1.3. Poverty and Livelihoods ............................................................... 20
Section 1.4. Infrastructure............................................................................. 22
Section 1.5. Education .................................................................................. 22
Section 1.6. Health and Nutrition .................................................................... 23
Part II: Objectives and methodology ....................................................................... 25
Section 2.1. Objectives and conceptual framework ............................................ 25
Section 2.2. Data collection tools .................................................................... 25
Section 2.3. Sample Frame ............................................................................ 26
Section 2.4. Data collection............................................................................ 29
Section 2.5. Data entry and analysis ............................................................... 29
Part III: Survey Results......................................................................................... 31
Section 3.1. Household Demographics ............................................................. 31
3.1.1 –Household Composition, Status of Head of Household and Caste Affiliation .... 31
3.1.2 – Educational Attainment of Household Members......................................... 32
Section 3.2. Community Dynamics, Infrastructure and Services .......................... 33
3.2.1 - Access to Education and Health Services .................................................. 34
3.2.2 - Transport, Roads and Markets ................................................................ 34
3.2.3 - Population Movement Patterns................................................................ 35
Section 3.3. Household migration patterns ....................................................... 35
3.3.1 – Overall Trends in Migration .................................................................... 36
3.3.2 – Destination of Migrants ......................................................................... 36
3.3.3 – Months Away from Home ...................................................................... 37
3.3.4 – Age and Gender of Migrants................................................................... 37
3.3.5 – Remittances ........................................................................................ 37
3.3.6 – Importance of Migration ........................................................................ 38
Section 3.4. Housing and amenities................................................................. 38
3.4.1 – Housing Materials................................................................................. 38
3.4.2 – Rooms and Crowding............................................................................ 39
3.4.3 – Toilet Facilities..................................................................................... 39
3.4.4 - Sources of Lighting and Cooking Fuel....................................................... 40
3.4.5 – Access to Drinking Water ...................................................................... 40
3.4.6 – Housheold Asset Holdings...................................................................... 41
Section 3.5. Land use and agricultural production.............................................. 45
3.5.1 – Access to Land & Average Size of Agricultural Holdings .............................. 45
3.5.2 – Irrigation ............................................................................................ 45
3.5.3 – Crops Cultivated .................................................................................. 45
3.5.4– Kitchen Gardens ................................................................................... 46
3.5.5 – Source of Seeds................................................................................... 46
3.5.6– Fertilizers: Use and Source ..................................................................... 46
3.5.7 – Pesticides: Use and Source .................................................................... 46
3.5.8 – Access to Markets and Market Prices ....................................................... 46
3.5.9 – Access to Markets and Market Prices ....................................................... 47
Section 3.6 – Livelihood Activities and Sources of Income ..................................... 48
3.6.1 – Multivariate analysis of livelihood and income-earning activities .................. 48
3.6.2 – Characteristics of Livelihood Classes ....................................................... 49
3.6.3 – Distribution of livelihood classes across expenditure quintiles...................... 50
Section 3.7 – Household Expenditure Patterns ....................................................... 51
3.7.1 – Expenditure Patterns and Food Security .................................................. 51
3.7.2 – Monthly food and non-food expenditures ................................................. 52
3.7.3 – Per capita expenditures and quintiles ...................................................... 53
3.7.4 – Expenditures and livelihood profiles ........................................................ 54
Section 3.8– Shocks and coping strategies ............................................................ 54
3.8.1 – Household Risk Exposure ...................................................................... 55
3.8.2 – Effects of Risks on Household Welfare ..................................................... 56
3.8.3 – Risk management and coping strategies .................................................. 57
3.8.4 – Risk exposure and coping among livelihood groups ................................... 58
Section 3.6. HIV/AIDS................................................................................... 58
3.9.1 - Transmission of HIV / AIDS.................................................................... 59
3.9.2 - AIDS Awareness across the Agro-ecological Zones..................................... 60
3.9.3 - AIDS Awareness across the Development Regions ..................................... 60
Part IV: Women and Child Nutrition and Health......................................................... 63
Section 4.1. Women’s Health and Nutrition....................................................... 64
Section 4.2. Child health and nutrition ............................................................. 64
Part V: Household food consumption patterns........................................................... 69
Section 5.1. Frequency of consumption and dietary diversity .............................. 69
Section 5.2. Methodology for analyzing food consumption data ........................... 69
5.2.1 - Household food consumption groups and profiles ...................................... 70
Part VI: Household Food Insecurity Profiles .............................................................. 73
Section 6.1 – Profiles of food insecure households ............................................... 73
6.1.1 – Spatial distribution of food consumption groups........................................ 73
6.1.2 - Livelihoods and Poor Food Consumption Patterns ...................................... 74
6.1.3 – Expenditure, Credit and Poor Food Consumption Patterns .......................... 74
6.1.4 –Gender, Education and Health Factors ...................................................... 74
6.1.5 – Multivariate analysis of other key factors ................................................. 75
Part VII – Recommendations for programme interventions ......................................... 77
Section 7.1. Overall Conclusions ..................................................................... 77
7.1.1 - Food Utilisation: Health and Education Matter ........................................... 77
7.1.2 - Food Access: Livelihoods Matter.............................................................. 78
7.1.3 – Recommendations for Action.................................................................. 80 |
