| Table of contents |
List of Graphs ..................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables ...................................................................................................... 7
List of Maps ......................................................................................................... 8
List of Annexes .................................................................................................... 9
List of Output Tables ........................................................................................ 10
List of Acronyms ............................................................................................... 11
1 Acknowledgements...................................................................................... 12
2 Executive Summary ...................................................................................... 14
3 Introduction ............................................................................................... 19
4 Country Context .......................................................................................... 21
4.1 Historical and Political Context ..................................................................... 21
4.2 Population .................................................................................................. 21
4.3 Geography, Climate And Water Availability ........................................................ 22
4.4 Macroeconomy ............................................................................................. 23
4.5 Food Availability and Markets ......................................................................... 23
4.6 Poverty Trends............................................................................................. 24
5 Process and Methodology .......................................................................... 26
5.1 Rationale and Objectives ............................................................................... 26
5.2 Implementation and Involvement of Key Stakeholders .......................................... 27
5.3 Food Security and Nutritional Security Conceptual Framework ........................... 28
5.4 Household Food Consumption as a Proxy Indicator of Food Security ...................... 30
5.5 Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Body Mass Index (BMI) as Proxy Indicators
Of Acute Malnutrition ................................................................................... 32
5.6 Scope and Survey Instruments ........................................................................ 33
5.7 Limitations .................................................................................................. 34
6 Overview Of Food Security Situation ........................................................ 34
6.1 How Many People Are Food-Insecure? ................................................................ 34
6.2 Where Are The Food-Insecure People? ............................................................... 37
6.3 Who Are The Food-Insecure Households? .......................................................... 41
6.3.1 Demography .......................................................................................... 42
6.3.2 Education ............................................................................................ 43
6.3.3 Poverty and Livelihoods .......................................................................... 48
6.3.4 Sources of Food, Access to Markets and Expenditures .................................. 62
6.3.5 Exposure to Shocks and Coping Strategies Used .......................................... 69
6.4 When are Households Likely to be Food-Insecure During the Course of The Year? ..... 73
6.5 Why Are They Food-Insecure? .......................................................................... 75
6.5.1 The Poverty Trap .................................................................................... 75
6.5.2 Exposure To Food Price Volatilities ........................................................... 76
6.5.3 Limited Investment in Rural Infrastructure and Livelihoods .......................... 76
6.5.4 Limited Investment in Human Development, Especially for Women ..................... 77
6.5.5 Population Growth at the Macro Level and High Number of Dependants at the
Micro Level ...................................................................................................... 78
7 Overview Of Acute Malnutrition Situation ............................................... 79
7.1 How Many Women and Children are Acutely Malnourished and Where do They Live? .... 79
7.2 What Are The Underlying Factors Of Acute Malnutrition? ..................................... 81
7.2.1 Limited Access to Sufficient and Nutritious Food at the Household Level ......... 81
7.2.2 Health Environment ............................................................................... 85
7.2.3 Social Care ........................................................................................... 88
7.2.4 Health Status ....................................................................................... 90
8 Poverty, Food Insecurity And Malnutrition - A Vicious Circle ............... 92
9 What Needs to Be Done And Where? ............................................................ 94
10 References ................................................................................................... 98
11 Annexes ...................................................................................................... 101
12 Output Tables ............................................................................................ 156 |
