| Author(s) |
Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan Ministry of Health, Dushanbe, Tajikistan MEASURE DHS, ICF International, Calverton, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2013-11-01 |
| Country |
Tajikistan |
| Language |
English |
| Description |
This report summarizes the findings of 2012 Tajikistan Demographic and Health Surveys (TjDHS) conducted by the Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan in collaboration with the Ministry of Health. Support for the 2012 TjDHS was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as part of the MEASURE DHS project. Additional funding and support for the 2012 TjDHS was received from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). |
| Table of contents |
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .......................................................................................................... ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... xv
MDG TABLE .......................................................................................................................................... xvii
MAP OF COUNTRY .............................................................................................................................. xviii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Geography and Population ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 History of Tajik Culture ..................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Economy ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Health Care System ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4.1 Facilities and Human Resources ........................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Health Care Reforms ............................................................................................. 4
1.4.3 Primary and Secondary Health Care ..................................................................... 5
1.4.4 Maternal and Child Health Care ........................................................................... 5
1.4.5 Family Planning Services ..................................................................................... 6
1.4.6 Tuberculosis DOTS Program ................................................................................ 7
1.4.7 HIV/AIDS Program .............................................................................................. 7
1.5 Systems for Collecting Demographic and Health Data ...................................................... 8
1.6 Objectives and Organization of the Survey ........................................................................ 9
1.6.1 Sample Design and Implementation ..................................................................... 9
1.6.2 Questionnaires ...................................................................................................... 9
1.6.3 Training of Field Staff ........................................................................................ 10
1.6.4 Fieldwork and Data Processing........................................................................... 10
1.7 Response Rates ................................................................................................................. 11
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION
2.1 Housing Characteristics .................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1 Drinking Water ................................................................................................... 14
2.1.2 Sanitation Facilities ............................................................................................. 16
2.1.3 Other Dwelling Characteristics ........................................................................... 17
2.2 Household Possessions ..................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................ 20
2.4 Hand Washing .................................................................................................................. 21
2.5 Household Population by Age and Sex ............................................................................ 22
2.6 Household Composition ................................................................................................... 23
2.7 Birth Registration ............................................................................................................. 24
2.8 Children’s Living Arrangements ...................................................................................... 25
2.9 Education of Household Members ................................................................................... 27
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ...................................................................................... 27
2.9.2 School Attendance .............................................................................................. 29
2.9.3 Early Childhood Education ................................................................................. 31
3 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
3.1 Background Characteristics of Respondents .................................................................... 33
3.2 Educational Attainment by Background Characteristics .................................................. 34
3.3 Media Exposure ................................................................................................................ 35
3.4 Employment ..................................................................................................................... 36
3.4.1 Employment Status ............................................................................................. 37
3.4.2 Occupation .......................................................................................................... 38
3.4.3 Type of Employment .......................................................................................... 39
3.5 Tuberculosis ..................................................................................................................... 40
3.5.1 Knowledge and Attitudes about Tuberculosis .................................................... 40
3.5.2 Knowledge of Tuberculosis Symptoms .............................................................. 42
3.5.3 Misconceptions about How Tuberculosis is Spread ........................................... 44
3.5.4 Knowledge about How to Prevent Tuberculosis ................................................. 44
3.6 Hypertension ..................................................................................................................... 46
3.7 Smoking ............................................................................................................................ 48
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
4.1 Current Marital Status ...................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Age at First Marriage ........................................................................................................ 50
4.3 Age at First Intercourse .................................................................................................... 51
4.4 Recent Sexual Activity ..................................................................................................... 52
5 FERTILITY
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................ 55
5.2 Fertility Differentials ........................................................................................................ 58
5.3 Fertility Trends ................................................................................................................. 60
5.4 Children Ever Born and Living ........................................................................................ 60
5.5 Birth Intervals ................................................................................................................... 61
5.6 Postpartum Amenorrhea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility .............................................. 63
5.7 Menopause ........................................................................................................................ 65
5.8 Age at First Birth .............................................................................................................. 65
5.9 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood ............................................................................... 66
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES
6.1 Desire for More Children ................................................................................................. 69
6.2 Desire to Limit Childbearing ............................................................................................ 71
6.3 Ideal Family Size .............................................................................................................. 72
6.4 Fertility Planning .............................................................................................................. 73
6.5 Wanted Fertility Rates ...................................................................................................... 74
7 FAMILY PLANNING
7.1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods ............................................................................. 77
7.2 Current Use of Contraception ........................................................................................... 78
7.3 Current Contraceptive Use by Background Characteristics ............................................. 80
7.4 Trends in Current Contraceptive Use ............................................................................... 82
7.5 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ....................................................................... 83
7.6 Informed Choice ............................................................................................................... 84
7.7 Contraceptive Discontinuation ......................................................................................... 85
7.8 Knowledge of the Fertile Period ....................................................................................... 87
7.9 Unmet Need for Family Planning ..................................................................................... 88
7.10 Future Use of Family Planning ......................................................................................... 90
7.11 Exposure to Family Planning Messages ........................................................................... 91
7.12 Family Planning Discussion with Health Providers ......................................................... 92
8 ABORTION
8.1 Collection of Abortion Data ............................................................................................. 93
8.2 Pregnancies Ending in Induced Abortion ......................................................................... 93
8.3 Lifetime Experience with Induced Abortion .................................................................... 94
8.4 Rates of Induced Abortion ................................................................................................ 96
8.4.1 Abortion Level .................................................................................................... 96
8.4.2 Abortion Differentials ......................................................................................... 97
8.4.3 Abortion Trends .................................................................................................. 98
8.5 Use of Contraception before Abortion ............................................................................. 98
9 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
9.1 Source and Assessment of Mortality Data ...................................................................... 101
9.1.1 Source of the Data ............................................................................................. 101
9.1.2 Data Quality ...................................................................................................... 102
9.2 Levels and Trends in Childhood Mortality ..................................................................... 103
9.3 Socioeconomic Differentials in Childhood Mortality .................................................... 104
9.4 Demographic Differentials in Childhood Mortality ....................................................... 105
9.5 Perinatal Mortality .......................................................................................................... 106
9.6 High-risk Fertility Behavior ........................................................................................... 108
9.7 Registration of Child Deaths .......................................................................................... 109
10 MATERNAL HEALTH
10.1 Antenatal Care ................................................................................................................ 112
10.1.1 Antenatal Care Coverage .................................................................................. 112
10.1.2 Number of Antenatal Visits .............................................................................. 114
10.1.3 Components of Antenatal Care ......................................................................... 114
10.2 Delivery Care .................................................................................................................. 116
10.2.1 Place of Delivery............................................................................................... 116
10.2.2 Assistance during Delivery ............................................................................... 118
10.2.3 Cesarean Section ............................................................................................... 120
10.3 Postnatal Care for Mothers and Children ....................................................................... 120
10.3.1 Postnatal Checkup for Mother .......................................................................... 120
10.3.2 Postnatal Checkup for the Newborn ................................................................. 123
10.4 Breast Cancer Awareness and Testing ........................................................................... 124
10.5 Awareness of Cervical Cancer ....................................................................................... 126
10.6 Visits to Family Doctor .................................................................................................. 127
10.7 Problems in Accessing Health Care ............................................................................... 129
11 CHILD HEALTH
11.1 Child’s Size at Birth ....................................................................................................... 131
11.2 Vaccination of Children .................................................................................................. 133
11.2.1 Vaccination Coverage ....................................................................................... 133
11.2.2 Differentials in Vaccination Coverage .............................................................. 135
11.2.3 Trends in Vaccination Coverage ....................................................................... 136
11.3 Childhood Illness and Treatment .................................................................................... 136
11.3.1 Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) .................................................................. 136
11.3.2 Fever ................................................................................................................. 138
11.3.3 Diarrhea ............................................................................................................ 139
11.3.4 Knowledge of ORS ........................................................................................... 143
11.4 Stool Disposal ................................................................................................................. 144
12 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
12.1 Nutritional Status of Children ......................................................................................... 147
12.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children ............................. 148
12.1.2 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................ 149
12.1.3 Trends in Children’s Nutritional Status ............................................................ 151
12.2 Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding ................................................................... 153
12.2.1 Initiation of Breastfeeding ................................................................................ 153
12.3 Breastfeeding Status by Age ........................................................................................... 155
12.4 Duration of Breastfeeding .............................................................................................. 157
12.5 Types of Complementary Foods ..................................................................................... 158
12.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ..................................................................... 160
12.7 Micronutrient Intake among Children ............................................................................ 162
12.7.1 Consumption of Micronutrient-rich Foods ....................................................... 164
12.7.2 Micronutrient Supplementation ........................................................................ 164
12.7.3 Deworming ....................................................................................................... 165
12.8 Household Iodized Salt Consumption ............................................................................ 165
12.9 Nutritional Status of Women .......................................................................................... 166
12.10 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers ............................................................................. 168
13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR
13.1 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Transmission and Prevention Methods .......................... 172
13.1.1 Knowledge of AIDS ......................................................................................... 172
13.1.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention Methods .......................................................... 173
13.1.3 Comprehensive Knowledge about AIDS .......................................................... 174
13.2 Knowledge of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV ............................. 176
13.3 Attitudes towards People Living with HIV .................................................................... 177
13.4 Attitudes toward Negotiating Safe Sexual Relations with Husbands ............................. 179
13.5 Attitudes towards Condom Education for Youth ........................................................... 180
13.6 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................ 181
13.7 Coverage of HIV Counseling and Testing ...................................................................... 182
13.8 Self-reported Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and STI Symptoms ...... 184
13.9 Prevalence of Medical Injections.................................................................................... 186
13.10 HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Sexual Behavior Among Youth ......................................... 187
13.10.1 HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge among Young Adults ..................................... 188
13.10.2 Age at First Sexual Intercourse among Young Adults ...................................... 189
13.10.3 Cross-Generational Sexual Partners .................................................................. 190
13.10.4 Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing among Young Adults ........................ 190
14 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
14.1 Measurement of Violence ............................................................................................... 193
14.1.1 Use of Valid Measures of Violence .................................................................. 193
14.1.2 Ethical Considerations in Measuring Violence ................................................. 195
14.2 Experience of Physical Violence .................................................................................... 195
14.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ....................................................................................... 197
14.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence ................................................................... 199
14.5 Violence during Pregnancy ............................................................................................ 200
14.6 Marital Control by Husband ........................................................................................... 200
14.7 Forms of Spousal Violence ............................................................................................. 202
14.8 Differentials in Spousal Violence ................................................................................... 204
14.9 Recent Experience of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 207
14.10 Onset of Spousal Violence ............................................................................................. 209
14.11 Physical Consequences of Spousal Violence ................................................................. 209
14.12 Violence by Women against Their Spouse ..................................................................... 210
14.13 Help-seeking Behavior by Women Who Experience Violence ...................................... 212
15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH OUTCOMES
15.1 Employment and Form of Earnings ................................................................................ 216
15.2 Women’s Control over Their Own Earnings .................................................................. 216
15.3 Women’s Control over their Husband’s Earnings .......................................................... 218
15.4 Ownership of Assets ....................................................................................................... 219
15.5 Women’s Empowerment ................................................................................................ 221
15.6 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ....................................................................................... 223
15.7 Indicators of Women’s Empowerment ........................................................................... 225
15.8 Current Use of Contraception by Women’s Empowerment ........................................... 226
15.9 Ideal Family Size and Unmet Need by Women’s Empowerment .................................. 227
15.10 Reproductive Health Care by Women’s Empowerment ................................................. 228
15.11 Infant and Child Mortality and Women’s Empowerment .............................................. 229
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 231
APPENDIX A
A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 237
A.2 Sample Frame ................................................................................................................. 237
A.3 Sampling Procedures and Sample Allocation ................................................................. 238
A.4 Sample Probabilities and sampling weights ................................................................... 238
A.5 Survey Results ................................................................................................................ 239
APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................................................... 241
APPENDIX C .......................................................................................................................................... 253
APPENDIX D .......................................................................................................................................... 259
APPENDIX E .......................................................................................................................................... 263 |
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