Socio-Economic Survey 2010
Cambodia, 2010
Identification
KHM_2010_CSES_v01_M
Socio-Economic Survey 2010
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | KHM |
Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]
The 2010 Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) is the ninth in series conducted by National Institute of Statistics. The previous CSES were conducted in 1993/94, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2006/2007, 2008, and 2009. Since 2007, the CSES survey started to conducted annually.
The CSES is a household survey with questions to households and the household members. In the household questionnaire there are a number of modules with questions relating to the living conditions, e.g. housing conditions, education, health, expenditure/income and labour force. It is designed to provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on poverty, household production and final consumption for the National Accounts and weights for the CPI.
The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied for the first time. The survey also included a Time Use Form detailing activities of household members during a 24-hour period.
Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Household
- Individual
- Consumption expenditure item/ produce
Version
Version 01. Edited data for internal use only.
2010
Scope
Poverty reduction is a major commitment by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accurate statistical information about the living standards of the population and the extent of poverty is an essential instrument to assist the Government in diagnosing the problems, in designing effective policies for reducing poverty and in monitoring and evaluating the progress of poverty reduction. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) has been adopted by the Royal Government of Cambodia and a National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) has been developed. The MDGs are also incorporated into the "Rectangular Strategy of Cambodia".
Cambodia is still a predominantly rural and agricultural society. The vast majority of the population get their subsistence in households as self-employed in agriculture. The level of living is determined by the household's command over labour and resources for own-production in terms of land and livestock for agricultural activities, equipments and tools for fishing, forestry and construction activities and income-earning activities in the informal and formal sector. Data to calculate household production were obtained from the household questionnaire and the diaries as well as data from the labour force module.
Briefly the four earlier CSES rounds have all made it possible to report sets of indicators on 8 main areas of social concern:
- Demographic characteristics
- Housing
- Agriculture
- Education
- Labour Force
- Health and Nutrition
- Victimization
- Household Income and Consumption
These 8 areas were also covered by corresponding modules in the CSES 2009, together with a diary method as well as a recall method, the other following the module design and variable content of previous
| Topic | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| Agriculture & Rural Development | World Bank |
| Food (production, crisis) | World Bank |
| Land (policy, resource management) | World Bank |
| Coal | World Bank |
| Electricity | World Bank |
| Oil & Gas | World Bank |
| Migration & Remittances | World Bank |
| Health | World Bank |
| HIV/AIDS | World Bank |
| Malaria | World Bank |
| Mental Health | World Bank |
| Nutrition | World Bank |
| Tuberculosis | World Bank |
| Infrastructure | World Bank |
| Transport | World Bank |
| Water | World Bank |
| Poverty | World Bank |
| Private Sector Development | World Bank |
| Public Sector | World Bank |
| Children & Youth | World Bank |
| Gender | World Bank |
| Urban Development | World Bank |
Coverage
National
Phnom Penh / Other Urban / Other Rural
14 Domains:
11 individual provinces:
Bantey Meanchy
Battambang
Kampong Cham
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Kanda
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Svay Rieng
Takeo
3 groups of provinces:
Group 1: Kampong Chhnang, and Pursat; Tonle Sap provinces
Group 2: Kampot, Sihanouk Ville, Kaoh Kong, and Krong Keb; Coastal provinces
Group 3: Kratie, Steung Treng, Rattanakiri, Mondol Kiri, Preah Vihear, Oddor Meanchey, and Krong Pailin; Mountain provinces
All resident households in Cambodia
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics (NIS) | Ministry of Planning |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Swedish International Development Agency | Funding |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Statistics Sweden | SCB | Technical Assistance (TA) |
Sampling
The CSES 2010 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.
The design weights are used to compensate for differences in the selection probabilities. The weight for the PSU is inversely proportional to its selection probability.
A further adjustment of the weights was done in order to calibrate the weights so that estimates of population totals would agree with projections based on the 1998 Population Census. Weights for households in the household file were adjusted so that estimated number of households agreed with census projections for each zone, urban and rural. Weights for individuals in the person file were adjusted so that the estimated number agreed with the projected number in each sex and age group in each zone (urban and rural).
Some of the villages are very large. The best procedure would have been to put the very large villages (villages with a size Mhi larger than Mh/nh) in a separate stratum. This was not done. As a result there are a few villages where the inclusion probability exceeds 1.00 and consequently the first stage sampling weight is below 1.00. To rectify this we set the first stage sampling weight (W1) equal to 1.00 for these villages. When doing so we had to adjust the weights downwards for the other villages in the stratum in order to have the same sum of weights for the stratum as before the adjustment.
The second stage sampling weights W2 are calculated as the number of households in the village (according to the chairman) over the number of sampled households (10 or 20). There were actually two variables indicating the number of households in the village, one was the number obtained by the interviewer (variable E_HHs) and the other was the number obtained by the supervisor (HHs_Vill).
The household sampling weights (Wprel) are calculated by multiplying W1 by W2. All the sampled households in the village get the same household weight. A check of the weights revealed that there were a few extremely low and high weights. These “outliers” will tend to inflate the variance for some estimates. We decided to trim the weights by adjusting the extreme weights towards the center. Weights above 300 were adjusted downwards to 300 and weights below 30 were adjusted upwards to 30. In all only six weights were adjusted. The variation of the weights reflects changes in village sizes between the Census 1998 and the time of the survey. If the current number of households were the same as during the census in all the sample villages there would be no variation at all in the weights. The rather large variation in the weights is by and large a consequence of the long time lag between the census and the survey.
The distribution of the weights for the urban households shows a tendency towards bimodality. Most of the weights are centered around 100 - 120 but there is a cluster of weights around 200 - 220. The reason for this slight abnormality is that the proportional allocation of the sample to strata was not strictly followed. In two urban strata, the sample size was below proportion, resulting in substantially larger sampling weights.
Survey instrument
Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:
Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.
Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.
Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.
Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2010-01-01 | 2010-12-01 |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | Ministry of Planning |
Any survey of the CSES dimensions needs a comprehensive system for quality management and monitoring. Only then can deviations from the target be tended to in time to avoid shortfalls. Interviewers and supervisors were initially divided into teams of five persons (one supervisor and four interviewers), making in total 50 teams for the fieldwork.
The CSES management group within NIS therefore set up a meticulous monitoring scheme to be implemented from the very beginning. The monitoring team did include at least five NIS staff. Commonly the DG of NIS has spent one week monthly while other top ranked NIS officers have been out for two weeks on average. At times other officials from NIS or the Ministry have participated.
Inspections entailed both announced and unannounced visits. Every team was visited at least twice during their fieldwork periods. The purposes of these visits were several. One important purpose was to get a disciplinary effect on supervisors and enumerators from their knowledge that such inspections must be expected throughout the fieldwork month, including also at the very end of the diary month. Also important was to give feedback and encouragement to fieldworkers and to complement training by advice and suggestions and to sort out any problem that had arisen in the course of fieldwork in the village. Another area of concern was to ensure that the household listing and sampling was done in accordance with the procedures that were devised.
Please refer to Technical Douments for details.
Interviewers and supervisors were initially divided into teams of five persons (one supervisor and four interviewers), making in total 50 teams for the fieldwork. Each month, 25 teams were working in the field with a workload of 10 households per interviewer. In urban areas, 4 PSUs were allocated to one team while in rural areas, 2 PSUs were allocated. The fieldwork plan was designed in order to gather around 60 households monthly per team.
For a given month, the team arrived in the village three days before the first day of the month to tend to preparatory tasks like discussing with village authorities, filling out the Household Listing Form, and thereafter sample those households to be interviewed.
The Village Form was filled out by the supervisor.
The Household Questionnaire had 16 sections that were filled out by the interviewer during the first visit to the household, and in the following four weeks according to the following scheme:
FIRST VISIT: Initial visit
WEEK 1: Education and literacy, Housing
WEEK 2: Household economic activities, Household liabilities, Household income from other sources, and other expenditures (partial non-food recall)
WEEK 3: Durable goods and other expenses, Construction activities in the past 12 months, Nutrition, Fertility and child care, Mortality
WEEK 4: Health check of children, Current economic activity, Health, HIV/AIDS, Victimization
Once the month ended, the team went back to the NIS headquarters in Phnom Penh.
Questionnaires from the same PSU was delivered to the Data Management team by the supervisor in a packet including all of the documents used and produced in the fieldwork, including maps, enumeration lists, questionnaires, diaries, etc. Before going to the villages, teams were briefed and introduced to minor adjustments of the interviewing procedure that had to be made as a result of monitoring activities and feed-back from the data processing.
The fieldwork started in Janury 2010 and was scheduled to end in December 2010.
Fifty (50) supervisors and 200 enumerators were recruited by NIS and trained for the fieldwork. The training took place in Phnom Penh and lasted three weeks for supervisors and two weeks for enumerators. Before the start of each fieldwork month, there were briefing and retraining sessions. Each fieldwork team included one supervisor and four enumerators. In urban areas one enumerator was responsible for one PSU and for interviewing 10 households, while in rural areas two enumerators were responsible for one PSU and for interviewing 20 households. In all, 125 enumerators and supervisors, divided into 25 teams, were carrying out the fieldwork at the same time. Two such team groups were formed and each team group alternated monthly.
Enumerator and Supervisor Training
Initial training was provided during nine days for a group of 20-30 staff (not all were attending all the time). This training included a translation into Khmer of selected parts of the questionnaire, and a field test in a village outside Phnom Penh where the participants performed test interviews in 16 households. The experiences from this exercise were followed up during the course. The course also included general aspects on survey methodology and ways of controlling for errors. Many of the findings from this training served as input to later stages.
Prior to the start of the fieldwork intensive interviewer and supervisor training was carried out. The 200 interviewers and 50 supervisors recruited were split into two groups, each consisting of 100 interviewers and 25 supervisors. The two groups later alternated so that the first group did their fieldwork during odd survey months (i.e. November, January, March …) while the second group covered the even survey months (i.e. February, April …).
The training was designed with this in mind. Training of the first group was provided in English by a WB consultant and simultaneously interpreted in Khmer by the appointed NIS officer. The second group was trained by NIS only.
Common was that the supervisors were first trained during one week, and then jointly with their interviewers for two weeks. Before all fieldwork months the group in turn was gathered at the NIS to walk through the questionnaire and manuals in order to correct errors that were detected during the briefing sessions or the monitoring operations, and to learn how to handle any changes that were introduced to the survey instruments.
Data processing
The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding and coding in begining of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionaires to NIS. Sida project expert and NIS Survey Manager helped in solving relevant matters that become apparent when reviewing questionires on delivery.
Data appraisal
In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data were computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, thus variances for ratio estimates are computed.
The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected.
The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13 percent with a few exceptions where the CVs are above 20 percent. For provinces the CVs for food consumption are 9 percent on average.
The sample take within Primary Sampling Units (PSU) was set to 10 households per PSU in the CSES 1999. When data on variances became available, it was possible to make crude calculations of the optimal sample take within PSU. Calculations on some of the central estimates in the CSES 1999 show that the design effects in most cases are in the range 1 to 5.
Intra-cluster correlation coefficients have been calculated based on the design effects. These correlation coefficients are somewhat high. The reason is that the characteristics that are measured tend to be concentrated (clustered) within the PSUs. The optimal sample size within PSUs under different assumptions on cost ratios and intra-cluster correlation coefficients was then calculated. The cost ratio is the average cost for adding a village to the sample divided by the average cost of including an extra household in the sample. In the CSES, it was chosen to adopt a fairly low cost ratio due to the fact that the interview time per household is long. Under this assumption the optimal sample size is probably around 10 households per village for many of the CSES indicators.
Access policy
The main objective of the survey is to collect accurate statistical information about living
standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument for identifying
problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress
of poverty reduction.
Like the four previous survey rounds six main areas of social concern have been surveyed:
- Household level and the structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition
- Household production and cash income
- Education and access to schooling
- Health and access to medical care
- Housing and amenities
- Family and social relations
The CSES 2004 was carried out on a nationwide representative sample of 15,000 households
within 900 Primary Sampling Units (PSU) corresponding to 867 villages. It was designed to
provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on
poverty, household production, final consumption for the National Accounts, and weights for
the Consumer Price Index (CPI). It was divided into 15 monthly samples of 1,000 households
each in 60 PSUs from November-03 till January-05.
Using data for the 15 months, reliable estimates were produced for 11 individual provinces;
Bantey Meanchy, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal,
Phnom Penh, Pery Veng, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng and Takeo. The other 13 provinces were
grouped according to zone:
Tonle Sap provinces: Kampong Chhnang and Pursat
Coastal provinces: Kampot, Sihanouk Ville, Kaoh Kong and Krong Keb
Plateau/Mountain: Kratie, Steung Treng, Rattanakiri, Mondol Kiri, Preah Vihear, Oddor
Meanchey, and Krong Pailin
The 1998 Population Census, carried out by NIS, was used as sampling frame in the sampling
design of the CSES 2004.
The survey covers private households with one or more persons. Nomadic households are
included in principal. Excluded are:
- People living in institutions (such as long term hospitals, prisons, monasteries, military
quarters) - Diplomatic and UN households in the country
- Other foreigners in the country
- Armed forces residing in military bases
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director General | National Institute of Statistics | www.nis.gov.kh | sythan@forum.org.kh |
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | All information collected in CSES 2010 is strictly confidential and will be used for statistical purpose only, in accordance with the 2005 Cambodian Law on Statistics. |
-
The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of the National Institute of Statistics.
-
The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
-
No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Institute of Statistics.
-
No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the National Institute of Statistics, or among data from the National Institute of Statistics and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
-
Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
-
An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the National Institute of Statistics.
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia. Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 2010. Ref. KHM_2010_CSES_v01_M. Dataset downloaded http://www.nis.gov.kh from on [date].
The main objective of the survey is to collect accurate statistical information about living
standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument for identifying
problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress
of poverty reduction.
Like the four previous survey rounds six main areas of social concern have been surveyed:
- Household level and the structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition
- Household production and cash income
- Education and access to schooling
- Health and access to medical care
- Housing and amenities
- Family and social relations
The CSES 2004 was carried out on a nationwide representative sample of 15,000 households
within 900 Primary Sampling Units (PSU) corresponding to 867 villages. It was designed to
provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on
poverty, household production, final consumption for the National Accounts, and weights for
the Consumer Price Index (CPI). It was divided into 15 monthly samples of 1,000 households
each in 60 PSUs from November-03 till January-05.
Using data for the 15 months, reliable estimates were produced for 11 individual provinces;
Bantey Meanchy, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal,
Phnom Penh, Pery Veng, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng and Takeo. The other 13 provinces were
grouped according to zone:
Tonle Sap provinces: Kampong Chhnang and Pursat
Coastal provinces: Kampot, Sihanouk Ville, Kaoh Kong and Krong Keb
Plateau/Mountain: Kratie, Steung Treng, Rattanakiri, Mondol Kiri, Preah Vihear, Oddor
Meanchey, and Krong Pailin
The 1998 Population Census, carried out by NIS, was used as sampling frame in the sampling
design of the CSES 2004.
The survey covers private households with one or more persons. Nomadic households are
included in principal. Excluded are:
- People living in institutions (such as long term hospitals, prisons, monasteries, military
quarters) - Diplomatic and UN households in the country
- Other foreigners in the country
- Armed forces residing in military bases
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia bears no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director, Demographic Statistics, Census and Survey Department | National Institute of Statistics | census@camnet.com.kh | http://www.nis.gov.kh |
| Data User Service Center | National Institute of Statistics | dusc@nis.gov.kh | http://www.nis.gov.kh |
| Director, ICT Department | National Institute of Statistics | lundysaint@yahoo.com | http://www.nis.gov.kh |
| World Bank Microdata Library | microdata@worldbank.org |
Metadata production
DDI_KHM_2010_CSES_v01_M
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Bou Sreylun | National Institue of Statistics | Archivist |
| Saint Lundy | National Institue of Statistics | Archivist |
2011-09-12
Metadata version
Version 02 (July 2013). Edited from Version 1.0 (September 2010) DDI (“DDI-KHM-NIS-CSES10-v1.0”) which was documented by metadata producer mentioned in the Metadata Producer section. The following are edited -- DDI ID and Survey ID. Questionnaires and manual are also uploaded.