Demographic and Health Survey 2007
Zambia, 2007
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ZMB_2007_DHS_v01_M
Demographic and Health Survey 2007
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Zambia | ZMB |
Demographic and Health Survey (standard) - DHS V
This is the fourth Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to be carried out in Zambia. The first three were carried out in 1992, 1996 and 2001-2002.
The 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a national sample survey designed to provide up-to-date information on background characteristics of the respondents, fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness, behaviour, and prevalence regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The target groups were men age 15-59 and women age 15-49 in randomly selected households across Zambia. Information about children age 0-5 was also collected, including weight and height. The survey collected blood samples for syphilis and HIV testing in order to determine national prevalence rates.
While significantly expanded, the 2007 ZDHS is a follow-up to the 1992, 1996, and 2001-2002 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier surveys. The 2007 ZDHS is the second DHS that includes the collection of information on violence against women, and syphilis and HIV testing. In addition, data on malaria prevention and treatment were collected.
The ZDHS was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) in partnership with the Ministry of Health, the Tropical Disease Research Centre (TDRC), and the Demography Division at the University of Zambia (UNZA) from April to October 2007. The TDRC provided technical support in the implementation of the syphilis and HIV testing. Macro International provided technical assistance as well as funding to the project through MEASURE DHS, a USAID-funded project providing support and technical assistance in the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide.
The main objective is to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, childhood mortality, use of family planning methods, and maternal and child health indicators including HIV/AIDS. This information is necessary for programme managers, policymakers, and implementers to monitor and evaluate the impact of existing programmes and to design new initiatives for health policies in Zambia.
The primary objectives of the 2007 ZDHS project are:
- To collect up-to-date information on fertility, infant and child mortality, and family planning.
- To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, antenatal care, children’s immunisations, and childhood diseases.
- To assess the nutritional status of mothers and children.
- To support dissemination and utilization of the results in planning, managing, and improving family planning and health services in the country.
- To enhance the survey capabilities of the institutions involved in order to facilitate the implementation of surveys of this type in future.
- To document current epidemics of STIs and HIV/AIDS through use of specialized modules.
For HIV/AIDS and syphilis in particular, the testing component of the 2007 Zambia DHS was undertaken to provide information to address the monitoring and evaluation needs of government and non-governmental organization programmes addressing HIV/AIDS and syphilis, and to provide programme managers and policy makers with the information that they need to effectively plan and implement future interventions. The overall objective of the survey was to collect high-quality and representative data on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding HIV/AIDS and other STIs, and on the prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among women and men.
Sample survey data
- Household
- Children under five years
- Women age 15-49
- Men age 15-59
Scope
The 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey covered the following topics:
- Alcohol Consumption
- Anthropometry
- Birth Registration
- Domestic Violence
- GPS/Georeferenced–Global Positioning System or Georeferenced Data
- HIV Behavior
- HIV Knowledge–Questions assess knowledge/sources of knowledge/ways to avoid HIV
- HIV Testing
- Iodine salt test
- Malaria Module (bednets)
- Malaria/Bednet Questions
- Male circumcision
- Maternal Mortality
- Men's Survey
- Micronutrients
- OVC
- Reproductive Calendar
- Social Marketing
- Syphilis Testing
- TB Questions
- Tobacco Use
- Women's Status–Questions: women's autonomy (household decisionmaking/free movement/access money) & Dom. violence
Coverage
The 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally-representative survey. The sample was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the nine provinces (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Lusaka, Luapula, Northern, North-Western, Southern, and Western).
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| Central Statistical Office (CSO) |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tropical Diseases Research Centre | Ministry of Health | Provided technical support in the implementation of the syphilis and HIV testing |
| Macro International | Technical support | |
| Demography Division | University of Zambia | Technical support |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Health | Financial support |
| Ministry of Finance and National Planning | Financial support |
| United States Agency for International Development | Financial support |
| Centres for Disease Control and Prevention | Financial support |
| United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief | Financial support |
| Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa | Financial support |
| European Union | Financial support |
| World Bank through the Zambia National Response to HIV/AIDS | Financial support |
| United Nations Population Fund | Financial support |
| United Nations Development Programme | Financial support |
| Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Financial support |
| United Nations Children’s Fund | Financial support |
| Japan International Cooperation Agency | Financial support |
| Swedish International Development Assistance | Financial support |
| United Kingdom Department for International Development | Financial support |
| World Health Organization | Financial support |
| Development Cooperation Ireland | Financial support |
Sampling
The sample for the 2007 ZDHS was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the nine provinces (Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Lusaka, Luapula, Northern, North-Western, Southern, and Western). The sampling frame used for the 2007 ZDHS was adopted from the Census of Population and Housing of the Republic of Zambia (CPH) conducted in 2000, provided by the CSO. The frame consists of 16,757 standard enumeration areas (SEA) created for the CPH 2000. A SEA is a convenient geographical area with an average size of 130 households or 600 people. A SEA contains information about its location, the type of residence, the number of households and the number of males and females in the population. Each SEA has a cartographical map, which delimits the boundaries and shows the main landmarks of the SEA.
A representative sample of 8,000 households was drawn for the 2007 ZDHS survey. The sample for ZDHS 2007 was a stratified sample selected in two stages from the CPH 2000 frame. Stratification was achieved by separating every province into urban and rural areas. Therefore, the nine provinces were stratified into 18 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum by a two-stage selection. Implicit stratifications and proportional allocation was achieved at each of the lower geographical/administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to the geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first-stage sampling.
In the first stage, 320 SEAs were selected with probability proportional to the SEA size. The household listing operation was conducted in all selected SEAs, with the resulting lists of households serving as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Selected SEAs with more than 300 households were segmented, with only one segment selected for the survey with probability proportional to the segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment. Therefore, a ZDHS 2007 cluster is either an SEA or a segment of an SEA. In the second-stage selection, an average number of 25 households were selected in every cluster, by equal probability systematic sampling. A complete listing of households and a mapping exercise was carried out for each cluster in August 2006. All private households were listed. The listing excluded people living in institutional households (army barracks, hospitals, police camps, boarding schools, etc.). CSO listing enumerators were trained to use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to record the geographic coordinates of the 2007 ZDHS sample clusters.
All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2007 ZDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. HIV testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to the test. In a sub-sample of one in every three households, syphilis testing was performed among eligible women and men who consented to the test. In addition, a subsample of one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.
A total of 7,969 households were selected for the sample, of which 7,326 were occupied. The shortfall was largely due to households that were away for an extended period of the time and structures that were found to be vacant at the time of the interview. Of the 7,326 existing households, 7,164 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98 percent.
In the interviewed households, a total of 7,408 women were identified, of whom 7,146 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. With regard to the male survey results, 7,146 eligible men identified, of whom 6,500 were successfully interviewed, yielding a 91 percent response rate. The response rates are slightly lower in the urban than rural sample for women, and more markedly for men (88 percent compared with 94 percent).
The principal reason for non-response among eligible men was the failure to find individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household, followed by refusal to be interviewed. The substantially lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absence of men from the households.
Survey instrument
Three questionnaires were used for the 2007 ZDHS. They are the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were based on questionnaires developed for the MEASURE DHS programme and were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Zambia at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international donors. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into seven major local languages, Nyanja, Bemba, Kaonde, Lunda, Lozi, Tonga, and Luvale.
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed,including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. If a child in the household had a parent who was sick for more than three consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or had a parent who had died, additional questions related to support for orphans and vulnerable children were asked. Additionally, if an adult in the household was sick for three or more consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or an adult in the household died, questions were asked related to support for sick people or people who had died. The Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. In addition, the Household Questionnaire collected information about the dwelling, such as the source of water; type of toilet facilities; materials used to construct the house; ownership of various durable goods; and ownership and use of mosquito nets. The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height and weight measurements for children age 5-59 months and women age 15-49 years. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire included questions on malaria prevention as well as the information on the consent of eligible household members for the HIV and syphilis testing.
The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following main topics:
- Background characteristics (education, residential history, media exposure, etc.)
- Birth history and childhood mortality
- Knowledge and use of family planning methods
- Fertility preferences
- Antenatal and delivery care
- Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices
- Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
- Marriage and sexual activity
- Women’s work and husband’s background characteristics
- Women’s and children’s nutritional status
- Malaria prevention and treatment
- Domestic violence
- Awareness and behaviour regarding HIV and other STIs
- Adult mortality including maternal mortality
The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 in each household in the 2007 ZDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2007-04 | 2007-10 |
TRAINING OF FIELD STAFF
CSO recruited and trained 122 people for the fieldwork to serve as supervisors, field editors, male and female interviewers, and reserve interviewers. Training of field staff for the main survey was conducted during February 2007. The training course consisted of instruction regarding interviewing techniques and field procedures, a detailed review of items on the questionnaires, instruction and practice in weighing and measuring children, mock interviews between participants in the classroom, and practice interviews with real respondents in areas outside the 2007 ZDHS sample clusters. Field practice in syphilis testing and HIV DBS specimen collection was also conducted. During this period, field editors and team supervisors were provided with additional training in methods of field editing, data quality control procedures, and fieldwork coordination. Twelve supervisors, 12 editors, 36 female interviewers, and 36 male interviewers were selected to make up 12 data collection teams for the 2007 ZDHS.
FIELDWORK
Twelve interviewing teams carried out data collection for the 2007 ZDHS. Each team consisted of one supervisor (team leader), one female field editor, one laboratory technician, three female interviewers, three male interviewers, and one driver. Seven senior staff members from CSO coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities. Three members of staff from UNZA assisted in the field supervision. In addition, three Macro staff members conducted field supervision. Data collection took place over a six-month period, from April 2007 to October 2007.
Data processing
All questionnaires for the ZDHS were returned to the CSO in Lusaka for data processing, which consisted of office editing, coding of open-ended questions, data entry, and editing computeridentified errors. The data were processed by a team of 11 data entry clerks, four data editors, four data entry supervisors, and one administrator to receive and check the blood samples received from the field. Data entry and editing were accomplished using the CSPro software. The process of office editing and data processing was initiated in May 2007 and the completed in November 2007.
Data appraisal
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2007 (ZDHS 2007) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the ZDHS 2007 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the ZDHS 2007 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the ZDHS 2007 is a Macro SAS procedure. This procedure used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates
The following Data Quality Tables are available in APPENDIX C of the Final Report:
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
Data Access
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| MEASURE DHS | www.measuredhs.com | archive@measuredhs.com |
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| General Inquiries | info@measuredhs.com | www.measuredhs.com |
| Data and Data Related Resources | archive@measuredhs.com | www.measuredhs.com |
Metadata production
DDI_WB_ZMB_2007_DHS_v01_M
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| World Bank, Development Economics Data Group | Documentation of the study |
2011-02-27
Metadata version
Version 1.0: (March 2011)