Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey 2009
Zimbabwe, 2009
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ZWE_2009_MIMS_v01_M
Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey 2009
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Zimbabwe | ZWE |
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - Round 3 [hh/mics-3]
The MIMS 2009 is a customised version of the third Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey1 (MICS3), which collects a broad array of valuable information on the situation of children and women in Zimbabwe. The MICS has been harmonized with other data collection efforts so that it produces internationally comparable information, which is the cornerstone of evidence-based decision making and formulation of policies, strategies and interventions, aimed at the improvement of the lives of children, women and other vulnerable groups.
The MICS uses three modular questionnaires that can be customized to fit national data needs. It measures key indicators on the following topics: nutrition, child mortality, child health, reproductive health, child development, education, child protection, HIV and AIDS, sexual behaviour and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). In the process of customizing MICS3 to MIMS, additional non-MICS questions on household expenditure, migration, and environmental assessment were added and some modules such as child development and sexual behaviour were excluded. However, the MIMS data collection instruments remained mostly the same as the global MICS instruments to ensure comparability with national data sets such as the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) as well as data from other countries.
The MIMS was based on the need to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements such as the Millennium Declaration which enshrines the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000; the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002; the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 and the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), 2001 on the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. In signing these international agreements, governments committed themselves to improving conditions for women and children and to monitor progress towards that end.
Specifically, the MIMS 2009 objectives were to:
• collect socio-economic data that will bring out an array of information on health, human capital and well-being of the population that can be used as a baseline for development interventions;
• provide decision makers with evidence on children’s and women’s rights and other vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe;
• serve as a monitoring tool on almost half of all the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; and
• build capacity of national partners in data collection, compilation, processing, analysis and reporting.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Households
- Children under five years
- Women aged 15-49
Scope
The 2009 Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey covered the following topics:
Household
- Household listing;
- Education;
- Employment;
- Water and sanitation;
- Household characteristics;
- Environmental assessment;
- Orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) and HIV and AIDS; and
- Education and household expenditures2.
Women 15-49 Years Old
- Child mortality/Birth history;
- Tetanus Toxoid (TT);
- Maternal and newborn health;
- Marriage/union;
- Contraception;
- Attitude towards domestic violence; and
- HIV and AIDS (women age 15-49 years).
Children Under Five Years
- Birth registration and early learning;
- Vitamin A – children 6 months and older;
- Breastfeeding;
- Care during illness;
- Malaria for under-5 year olds;
- Immunization; and
- Anthropometry.
Coverage
National
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| United Nations Children’s Fund | Technical and financial assistance |
Sampling
Sample Design
The MIMS 2009 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, children and other vulnerable populations at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative provinces in Zimbabwe namely; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo. Harare and Bulawayo provinces are predominantly urban provinces whilst the rest are predominantly rural. The sampling frame for the MIMS was based on the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02),developed by the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO after the 2002 Population Census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four groups according to land use: (i) communal lands, (ii) large scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), (iii) urban and semi-urban areas, and (iv) small scale commercial farming areas (SSCFA) and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum each was formed for Harare and Bulawayo. There were a total of 34 strata for the whole country.
A representative probability sample of 12 500 households was selected for the MIMS 2009. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. Each EA was delineated for the 2002 Population Census operations with well-defined boundaries identified on sketch maps, and the EA size was based on the expected workload for one interviewer. The EAs had an average of 100 households each, which was ideal for the survey listing operation.
In total the ZMS02 consists of 1 200 EAs selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. The MIMS EA selection was a systematic, one-stage operation, carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was conducted in the 500 sample EAs for the MIMS 2009 from 23 to 28 February 2009 concurrently for the 10 provinces. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random systematic selection of 25 households from each sample EA. Within these selected households, all women aged 15-49 years identified were eligible for individual interviews. In addition, children under five years in the selected households were also identified and either their mothers or caretakers were interviewed on their behalf and children's measurements of weight, height and Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) taken and oedema checked.
The sample was stratified by province and land use and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.
Note: Detailed sample design description can be found in Appendix B of the 2009 Zimbabwe MIMS final report.
Survey instrument
Three questionnaires were used in the survey as follows:
• A household questionnaire -- was used to collect information on all de-jure and defacto household members, dwelling units, household characteristics and to identify eligible individuals for the women and children questionnaire interviews;
• A woman’s questionnaire -- was administered in each selected household to all women aged 15-49 years; and
• A questionnaire for children under five years -- was administered to mothers or caretakers of all children under five years living in the household.
The questionnaires were based on the MICS model questionnaire with modifications and additions. Even though the questionnaires were in English, they were translated into the various vernacular languages during interviews.
PRE-TEST
The MIMS questionnaires were pre-tested from 9 to 17 March, 2009. Ten (10) teams were formed, made up of a supervisor and five interviewers each for the pretest, after they were trained on the questionnaires. The pre-test training was conducted during the same period, for 92 participants, with 7 participants coming from each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (including the provincial supervisor). The remainder were from the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO, Survey Management Team (SMT), UNICEF and the Steering and Technical Committee members who facilitated the training sessions. A pre-test was conducted in three selected localities (2 urban and 1 rural) in Harare and Mashonaland East provinces to test the entirety of survey procedures. Based on the results of the pre-test, further modifications were made to the wording and flow of the questionnaires.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2009-04-20 | 2009-05-30 |
TRAINING
In addition to the pre-test training above, two other training workshops were conducted namely; training of trainers, and the main training. The training of trainers was conducted on 5 March 2009 for 38 participants from the MIMS Steering and the Technical Committees and the Survey Management Team in preparation for the pre-test and main training.
A total of 220 provincial staff (including provincial supervisors) and four data entry supervisors participated in the main fieldwork training, conducted from 30 March to 17 April, 2009. Data entry supervisors were invited to the main training in order for them to get a better understanding of the questionnaires and the survey techniques. The training included lectures on interviewing techniques, discussion of the questionnaires, and mock interviews among trainees in order to acquire skills in asking questions. Towards the end of the training period, trainees spent four days conducting field interviews in different urban and rural settings. Urban and rural areas were selected to provide the field staff with a better appreciation of working in the different environments.
Supervisors and interviewers were selected based on their performance in the field practices, participation in class, assessment tests, fluency in the Zimbabwean languages and leadership qualities. At all levels of training, participants were trained to measure the height, weight and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and to check for oedema in children under 5 years (0-59
months).
FIELDWORK
Fieldwork began on 20 April, 2009 and ended on the 30 May, 2009. The data were collected by 30 teams. Each team comprised of a supervisor, four interviewers, and one driver, one editor (who edited the questionnaires and took body and weight measurement with the assistance of the supervisor as well as check the oedema in children under 5 years). In the field, provincial supervisors, in close collaboration with the SMT, were responsible for monitoring the MIMS activities in a province. Field supervisors and editors for the MIMS were the primary links between the provincial supervisors and the interviewers, ensuring both the progress and high quality of fieldwork.
Data processing
Data was entered on 56 microcomputers by 56 data entry operators, four questionnaire administrators and four data entry supervisors using the Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and Survey Management Team as secondary editors complemented the efforts of the data entry supervisors to perform internal consistency checks. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS3 Project were adapted to the MIMS questionnaire and used throughout the processing. One week data entry training was organized for all data entry operators from 27 April to 1 May, 2009. Data entry began on 5 May two weeks after fieldwork had started and the two activities ran concurrently thereafter. Data entry was completed on 24 June, 2009 and the last ten days included secondary editing. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the model program syntax and tabulation plans were customized for the MIMS.
Data appraisal
The sample of respondents selected in the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey results.
Calculation of Sampling Errors
The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
- Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
- Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator
- Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
- Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistics will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (p + 2.se or p – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
For the calculation of sampling errors from MIMS data, software packages such as Stata and CENVAR (a component of the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System, IMPS) has been used.
Note: Detailed sampling error description can be found in Appendix C of MIMS 2009 final report.
Data Quality Tables:
- Age Distribution of Household Population
- Age Distribution of Eligible and Interviewed Under-5s
- Age Distribution of Under-5 Children
- Heaping on Ages and Periods
- Heaping on Ages and Periods
- Percentage of Observations
- Presence of Mother in the Household and the Person Interviewed for the Under-5 Questionnaire
- School Attendance by Single Age
- Sex Ratio at Birth Among Children Ever Born and Living
- Distribution of Women by Time Since Last Birth
- Births by Year of Birth
- Reporting of Age at Death in Days
- Reporting of Age at Death in Months
Note: Above tables can be found in APPENDIX D of the 2009 Zimbabwe MIMS final report.
Contacts
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Agency | dg@zimstats.co.zw | http://www.zimstat.co.zw/ |
Metadata production
DDI_ZWE_2009_MIMS_v01_M
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Economics Data Group | The World Bank | Ducumentation of the DDI |
2012-03-05
Metadata version
Version 01: (March 2012)