DDI_MWI_2014_FINDEX_v01_M_WB Development Economics Data Group 2015-08-21 NADA Version 01 (August 2015) Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database 2014 FINDEX 2014 MWI_2014_FINDEX_v01_M Development Research Group, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit Gallup, Inc. NADA Development Research Group, World Bank The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Development Research Group, Finance and Private Sector Development The Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database is the world’s most comprehensive gauge of how adults around the world save, borrow, make payments and manage risk. Launched in 2011 with the support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global Findex for the first time made it possible to measure financial inclusion for adults around the world, including women, the poor, and rural residents. Three years later, the 2014 Global Findex provides an update on the indicators collected in 2011 while adding more nuanced data on mobile money accounts and domestic payments. The Global Findex indicators are drawn from survey data collected by Gallup, Inc. over the 2014 calendar year, covering around 150,000 adults in more than 140 economies and representing about 97 percent of the world’s population. The set of indicators will be collected again in 2017. Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems. By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion. Malawi National Coverage Individual The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above. Sample survey data [ssd] While the first edition provided more than 60 indicators on financial inclusion, the 2014 Global Findex features more than 100 indicators. The database includes indicators on ownership of financial institution accounts and mobile money accounts; use of mobile money accounts for savings and payments; purposes of account use, such as receiving government transfers, wage payments, and agricultural payments; how adults send and receive domestic remittances; savings behavior; use of savings methods, such as banks, and informal savings clubs or people outside the family; sources of borrowing, such as banks, friends, family members; and purposes of borrowing, such as home purchases, school fees, and emergencies. The 2014 Global Findex survey also explored the topic of financial resilience and contains information on how adults deal with emergencies by asking whether and how they can come up with money to deal with them. Triennial As in the first edition, the indicators in the 2014 Global Findex are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in more than 140 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world's population. The survey was carried out over the 2014 calendar year by Gallup, Inc. as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has continually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 140 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. The set of indicators will be collected again in 2017. Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks. In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households by means of the Kish grid. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected through the Kish grid from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender. In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or Kish grid method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day. The sample size in Malawi was 1,000 individuals. Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi] The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in 142 languages upon request. Questions on cash withdrawals, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, school fees, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held. Interviews were conducted in the following languages: Chichewa, English, Tumbuka Data weighting is used to ensure a nationally representative sample for each economy. Final weights consist of the base sampling weight, which corrects for unequal probability of selection based on household size, and the poststratification weight, which corrects for sampling and nonresponse error. Poststratification weights use economy-level population statistics on gender and age and, where reliable data are available, education or socioeconomic status. Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Peter Van Oudheusden, “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World.” Policy Research Working Paper 7255, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Global Findex Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Peter Van Oudheusden, “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World”. Policy Research Working Paper 7255, World Bank, Washington, D.C. The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. micro_mwi Malawi microdata 1000 84 Economy Economy Economy Economy Economy 1000 Malawi Economy Code Economy Code Economy Code Economy Code Economy Code 1000 MWI Gallup World Poll identifier Gallup World Poll identifier Gallup World Poll identifier Gallup World Poll identifier Gallup World Poll identifier 1000 111151542 211014207 Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Interviewer coded 1000 0.364 2.692 Respondent is female Respondent is female Respondent is female Respondent is female Respondent is female Interviewer coded 1000 1 2 1 1 male 2 2 female Respondent age Respondent age Respondent age Respondent age Respondent age Please tell me your age 1000 15 90 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 99+ Respondent education level Respondent education level Respondent education level Respondent education level Respondent education level What is your highest completed level of education? 1000 1 3 1 completed primary or less 2 secondary 3 completed tertiary or more 4 (dk) 5 (rf) Within-economy household income quintile Within-economy household income quintile Within-economy household income quintile Within-economy household income quintile Within-economy household income quintile What is your total MONTHLY household income in [insert local currency], before taxes? Please include income from wages and salaries, remittances from family members living elsewhere, farming, and all other sources. [Indicators are constructed on information resulting from this question] 1000 1 5 1 1 poorest 20% 2 2 second 20% 3 3 middle 20% 4 4 fourth 20% 5 5 richest 20% Has an account Has an account Has an account Has an account Has an account Composite indicator 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref Has an account at a financial institution Has an account at a financial institution Has an account at a financial institution Has an account at a financial institution Has an account at a financial institution Composite indicator 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref Has a mobile money account Has a mobile money account Has a mobile money account Has a mobile money account Has a mobile money account Composite indicator 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref Has a debit card Has a debit card Has a debit card Has a debit card Has a debit card (A/An [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card]) is a card connected to an account at a financial institution that allows you to withdraw money, and the money is taken out of THAT ACCOUNT right away. Do you, personally, have (a/an [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card])? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If has debit card: card in own name If has debit card: card in own name If has debit card: card in own name If has debit card: card in own name If has debit card: card in own name Is this [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card] connected to an account with your name on it? Asked to those with a debit card. 140 860 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If has debit card: used card in past 12 months If has debit card: used card in past 12 months If has debit card: used card in past 12 months If has debit card: used card in past 12 months If has debit card: used card in past 12 months Have you, personally, used your [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card] to DIRECTLY make a purchase in the past 12 months? Asked to those with a debit card. 140 860 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Has a credit card Has a credit card Has a credit card Has a credit card Has a credit card A credit card is a card that allows you to BORROW money in order to make payments or buy things, and you can pay the balance off later. Do you, personally, have a credit card? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If has credit card: used card in past 12 months If has credit card: used card in past 12 months If has credit card: used card in past 12 months If has credit card: used card in past 12 months If has credit card: used card in past 12 months Have you used your credit card in the past 12 months? Asked to those with a credit card. 19 981 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c too far away If does not have account: b/c too far away If does not have account: b/c too far away If does not have account: b/c too far away If does not have account: b/c too far away Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because financial institutions are too far away. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c too expensive If does not have account: b/c too expensive If does not have account: b/c too expensive If does not have account: b/c too expensive If does not have account: b/c too expensive Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because financial services are too expensive. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c lack documentation If does not have account: b/c lack documentation If does not have account: b/c lack documentation If does not have account: b/c lack documentation If does not have account: b/c lack documentation Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because you don't have the necessary documentation (identity card, wage slip, etc.) Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c lack trust If does not have account: b/c lack trust If does not have account: b/c lack trust If does not have account: b/c lack trust If does not have account: b/c lack trust Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because you don't trust financial institutions. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c religious reasons If does not have account: b/c religious reasons If does not have account: b/c religious reasons If does not have account: b/c religious reasons If does not have account: b/c religious reasons Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because of religious reasons. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c lack of money If does not have account: b/c lack of money If does not have account: b/c lack of money If does not have account: b/c lack of money If does not have account: b/c lack of money Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because you don't have enough money to use financial institutions. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c family member already has one If does not have account: b/c family member already has one If does not have account: b/c family member already has one If does not have account: b/c family member already has one If does not have account: b/c family member already has one Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because someone else in the family already has an account. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c cannot get one If does not have account: b/c cannot get one If does not have account: b/c cannot get one If does not have account: b/c cannot get one If does not have account: b/c cannot get one Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because you cannot get an account. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If does not have account: b/c no need for financial services If does not have account: b/c no need for financial services If does not have account: b/c no need for financial services If does not have account: b/c no need for financial services If does not have account: b/c no need for financial services Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution: Because you have no need for financial services at a formal institution. Asked to those without an account. Multiple responses for not having an account permitted. 822 178 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If has account: any deposit into account in past 12 months If has account: any deposit into account in past 12 months If has account: any deposit into account in past 12 months If has account: any deposit into account in past 12 months If has account: any deposit into account in past 12 months In the past 12 months, has money been DEPOSITED into your personal account(s)? This includes cash or electronic deposits, or any time money is put into your account(s) by yourself, an employer, or another person or institution. Asked to those with an account. 178 822 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If has any deposit into account: number of monthly deposits If has any deposit into account: number of monthly deposits If has any deposit into account: number of monthly deposits If has any deposit into account: number of monthly deposits If has any deposit into account: number of monthly deposits In a typical MONTH, about how many times is money DEPOSITED into your personal account(s): one or two times per month, three or more times per month, or, in a typical month, is money NOT deposited into your account(s)? (Read 1-3) Asked to those with any deposit. 113 887 1 3 1 1 one or two times per month 2 2 three or more times per month 3 3 money is not deposited in a typical month 4 4 (dk) 5 5 (refused) Sysmiss If has account: any withdrawal from account in past 12 months If has account: any withdrawal from account in past 12 months If has account: any withdrawal from account in past 12 months If has account: any withdrawal from account in past 12 months If has account: any withdrawal from account in past 12 months In the past 12 months, has money been TAKEN OUT of your personal account(s)? This includes cash withdrawals in person or using your [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card], electronic payments or purchases, checks, or any other time money is removed from your account(s) by yourself or another person or institution. Asked to those with an account. 178 822 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If has any withdrawal from account: number of monthly withdrawals If has any withdrawal from account: number of monthly withdrawals If has any withdrawal from account: number of monthly withdrawals If has any withdrawal from account: number of monthly withdrawals If has any withdrawal from account: number of monthly withdrawals In a typical MONTH, about how many times is money TAKEN OUT of your personal account(s): one or two times per month, three or more times per month, or, in a typical month, is money NOT taken out of your account(s)? (Read 1-3) Asked to those with any withdrawal. 112 888 1 3 1 1 one or two times per month 2 2 three or more times per month 3 3 money is not taken out in a typical month 4 4 (dk) 5 5 (refused) Sysmiss If has account: most frequent mode of cash withdrawal If has account: most frequent mode of cash withdrawal If has account: most frequent mode of cash withdrawal If has account: most frequent mode of cash withdrawal If has account: most frequent mode of cash withdrawal When you need to GET CASH FROM your account(s), how do you USUALLY get it? (Read 1-4) Asked to those with an account. 178 822 1 5 1 1 you get it at an atm 2 2 you get it over the counter in a branch of your financial institution 3 3 you get it from a [insert local terminology for bank agent] who works at a store or comes to your home 4 4 you get it some other way 5 5 (do not need to get cash) 6 6 (dk) 7 7 (refused) Sysmiss If has account: made a transaction using a mobile phone If has account: made a transaction using a mobile phone If has account: made a transaction using a mobile phone If has account: made a transaction using a mobile phone If has account: made a transaction using a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you ever made a transaction with money FROM YOUR ACCOUNT at a bank or another type of formal financial institution using a MOBILE PHONE? This can include using a MOBILE PHONE to make payments, buy things, or to send or receive money. Asked to those with an account. 178 822 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Made payments online using the Internet Made payments online using the Internet Made payments online using the Internet Made payments online using the Internet Made payments online using the Internet In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments on bills or bought things online using the Internet? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Saved in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Saved in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Saved in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Saved in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Saved in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money for any of the following reasons? How about: To start, operate, or grow a business or farm? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Saved in past 12 months: for old age Saved in past 12 months: for old age Saved in past 12 months: for old age Saved in past 12 months: for old age Saved in past 12 months: for old age In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money for any of the following reasons? How about: For old age? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Saved in past 12 months: for education or school fees Saved in past 12 months: for education or school fees Saved in past 12 months: for education or school fees Saved in past 12 months: for education or school fees Saved in past 12 months: for education or school fees In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money for any of the following reasons? How about: For education or school fees? 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Saved in past 12 months: using an account at a financial institution Saved in past 12 months: using an account at a financial institution Saved in past 12 months: using an account at a financial institution Saved in past 12 months: using an account at a financial institution Saved in past 12 months: using an account at a financial institution In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money by: Using an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Saved in past 12 months: using an informal savings club Saved in past 12 months: using an informal savings club Saved in past 12 months: using an informal savings club Saved in past 12 months: using an informal savings club Saved in past 12 months: using an informal savings club In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money by: Using an informal savings club (like [insert local example]), or a person outside the family? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Has loan from a financial institution for house, apartment, or land Has loan from a financial institution for house, apartment, or land Has loan from a financial institution for house, apartment, or land Has loan from a financial institution for house, apartment, or land Has loan from a financial institution for house, apartment, or land Do you, by yourself or together with someone else, currently have a loan you took out from a bank or another type of formal financial institution to purchase a home, an apartment, or land? 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: from a financial institution Borrowed in past 12 months: from a financial institution Borrowed in past 12 months: from a financial institution Borrowed in past 12 months: from a financial institution Borrowed in past 12 months: from a financial institution In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from a bank, [insert all financial institutions], or another type of formal financial institution? This does NOT include credit cards. 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: from a store (store credit) Borrowed in past 12 months: from a store (store credit) Borrowed in past 12 months: from a store (store credit) Borrowed in past 12 months: from a store (store credit) Borrowed in past 12 months: from a store (store credit) In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from a store by using installment credit or buying on credit? 1000 1 4 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: from family or friends Borrowed in past 12 months: from family or friends Borrowed in past 12 months: from family or friends Borrowed in past 12 months: from family or friends Borrowed in past 12 months: from family or friends In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from family, relatives, or friends? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: from another private lender Borrowed in past 12 months: from another private lender Borrowed in past 12 months: from another private lender Borrowed in past 12 months: from another private lender Borrowed in past 12 months: from another private lender In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from another private lender (for example, a/an [insert country-specific examples of private lenders, i.e., loan shark, payday lender, or pawn shop])? 1000 1 4 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: for education or school fees Borrowed in past 12 months: for education or school fees Borrowed in past 12 months: for education or school fees Borrowed in past 12 months: for education or school fees Borrowed in past 12 months: for education or school fees In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed money for education or school fees? 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: for medical purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for medical purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for medical purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for medical purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for medical purposes In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed money for health or medical purposes? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Borrowed in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes Borrowed in past 12 months: for farm/business purposes In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed money to start, operate, or grow a business or farm? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Possibility of coming up with emergency funds Possibility of coming up with emergency funds Possibility of coming up with emergency funds Possibility of coming up with emergency funds Possibility of coming up with emergency funds Now, imagine that you have an emergency and you need to pay [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency]. How possible is it that you could come up with [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency] within the NEXT MONTH? Is it very possible, somewhat possible, not very possible, or not at all possible? (Read 1-4) 1000 1 4 1 1 very possible 2 2 somewhat possible 3 3 not very possible 4 4 not at all possible 5 5 (dk) 6 6 (refused) If able to come up with emergency funds: main source If able to come up with emergency funds: main source If able to come up with emergency funds: main source If able to come up with emergency funds: main source If able to come up with emergency funds: main source What would be the MAIN source of money that you would use to come up with [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency] within the NEXT MONTH? (Read 1-6) Asked to those that can come up with emergency funds. 753 247 1 8 1 1 savings 2 2 family, relatives, or friends 3 3 money from working or a loan from an employer 4 4 a credit card or borrowing from a formal financial institution 5 5 (a/an [insert local terminology for private lenders (i.e., loan shark or pawn shop)]) 6 6 some other source 7 7 (dk) 8 8 (refused) Sysmiss Sent domestic remittances in past 12 months Sent domestic remittances in past 12 months Sent domestic remittances in past 12 months Sent domestic remittances in past 12 months Sent domestic remittances in past 12 months Have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT any of your MONEY to a relative or friend living in a different area INSIDE (country where survey takes place) in the PAST 12 MONTHS? This can be money you brought yourself or sent in some other way. 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If sent domestic remittances: in cash If sent domestic remittances: in cash If sent domestic remittances: in cash If sent domestic remittances: in cash If sent domestic remittances: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You handed cash to this person or sent cash through someone you know. Asked to those who sent domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are sent are permitted. 240 760 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If sent domestic remittances: through a financial institution If sent domestic remittances: through a financial institution If sent domestic remittances: through a financial institution If sent domestic remittances: through a financial institution If sent domestic remittances: through a financial institution In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You sent money through a bank or another type of formal financial institution (for example, at a branch, at an ATM, or through direct deposit into an account). Asked to those who sent domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are sent are permitted. 240 760 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If sent domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If sent domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If sent domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If sent domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If sent domestic remittances: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You sent money through a mobile phone. Asked to those who sent domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are sent are permitted. 240 760 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If sent domestic remittances: through an MTO If sent domestic remittances: through an MTO If sent domestic remittances: through an MTO If sent domestic remittances: through an MTO If sent domestic remittances: through an MTO In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You sent money through a money transfer service. Asked to those who sent domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are sent are permitted. 240 760 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Received domestic remittances in past 12 months Received domestic remittances in past 12 months Received domestic remittances in past 12 months Received domestic remittances in past 12 months Received domestic remittances in past 12 months Have you, personally, RECEIVED any MONEY from a relative or friend living in a different area INSIDE (country where survey takes place) in the PAST 12 MONTHS, including any money you received in person? 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If received domestic remittances: in cash If received domestic remittances: in cash If received domestic remittances: in cash If received domestic remittances: in cash If received domestic remittances: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED money from a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You were handed cash by this person or by someone you know. Asked to those who received domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are received are permitted. 278 722 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received domestic remittances: through a financial institution If received domestic remittances: through a financial institution If received domestic remittances: through a financial institution If received domestic remittances: through a financial institution If received domestic remittances: through a financial institution In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED money from a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You received money through a bank or another type of formal financial institution (for example, at a branch, at an ATM, or through direct deposit into an account). Asked to those who received domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are received are permitted. 278 722 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If received domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If received domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If received domestic remittances: through a mobile phone If received domestic remittances: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED money from a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You received money through a mobile phone. Asked to those who received domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are received are permitted. 278 722 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received domestic remittances: through an MTO If received domestic remittances: through an MTO If received domestic remittances: through an MTO If received domestic remittances: through an MTO If received domestic remittances: through an MTO In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED money from a relative or friend living in a different area inside (country where survey takes place) in any of the following ways? You received money through a money transfer service. Asked to those who received domestic remittances. Multiple responses for the way remittances are received are permitted. 278 722 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Paid utility bills in past 12 months Paid utility bills in past 12 months Paid utility bills in past 12 months Paid utility bills in past 12 months Paid utility bills in past 12 months In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made regular payments for electricity, water, or trash collection? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If paid utility bills: in cash If paid utility bills: in cash If paid utility bills: in cash If paid utility bills: in cash If paid utility bills: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for electricity, water, or trash collection in any of the following ways? You made a payment using cash. Asked to those who paid utility bills. Multiple responses for the way utility bills are paid are permitted. 86 914 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If paid utility bills: using an account If paid utility bills: using an account If paid utility bills: using an account If paid utility bills: using an account If paid utility bills: using an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for electricity, water, or trash collection in any of the following ways? You made a payment directly from an account (for example, using (a/an [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card]), a bank transfer, or a check). Asked to those who paid utility bills. Multiple responses for the way utility bills are paid are permitted. 86 914 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If paid utility bills: through a mobile phone If paid utility bills: through a mobile phone If paid utility bills: through a mobile phone If paid utility bills: through a mobile phone If paid utility bills: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for electricity, water, or trash collection in any of the following ways? You made a payment through a mobile phone. Asked to those who paid utility bills. Multiple responses for the way utility bills are paid are permitted. 86 914 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Paid school fees in past 12 months Paid school fees in past 12 months Paid school fees in past 12 months Paid school fees in past 12 months Paid school fees in past 12 months In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made regular payments for school fees? 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If paid school fees: in cash If paid school fees: in cash If paid school fees: in cash If paid school fees: in cash If paid school fees: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for school fees in any of the following ways? You made a payment using cash. Asked to those who paid school fees. Multiple responses for the way school fees are paid are permitted. 105 895 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If paid school fees: using an account If paid school fees: using an account If paid school fees: using an account If paid school fees: using an account If paid school fees: using an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for school fees in any of the following ways? You made a payment directly from an account (for example, using a debit card, a bank transfer, or a check). Asked to those who paid school fees. Multiple responses for the way school fees are paid are permitted. 105 895 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If paid school fees: through a mobile phone If paid school fees: through a mobile phone If paid school fees: through a mobile phone If paid school fees: through a mobile phone If paid school fees: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for school fees in any of the following ways? You made a payment through a mobile phone. Asked to those who paid school fees. Multiple responses for the way school fees are paid are permitted. 105 895 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Received wage payments in past 12 months Received wage payments in past 12 months Received wage payments in past 12 months Received wage payments in past 12 months Received wage payments in past 12 months Have you received any money from an employer or boss, in the form of SALARY OR WAGES, for doing work in the PAST 12 MONTHS? Please do not consider any money you received directly from clients or customers. 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If received wage payments: work in public sector If received wage payments: work in public sector If received wage payments: work in public sector If received wage payments: work in public sector If received wage payments: work in public sector In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you been employed by the government, military, or public sector? Asked to those who received wage payments. 188 812 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received wage payments: in cash If received wage payments: in cash If received wage payments: in cash If received wage payments: in cash If received wage payments: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an employer or boss paid your salary or wages in any of the following ways? You received payments DIRECTLY in cash. Asked to those who received wage payments. Multiple responses for the way wage payments are received are permitted. 188 812 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received wage payments: into an account or to a card If received wage payments: into an account or to a card If received wage payments: into an account or to a card If received wage payments: into an account or to a card If received wage payments: into an account or to a card In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an employer or boss paid your salary or wages in any of the following ways? You received payments DIRECTLY into an account at a bank or another type of financial institution or to a card. Asked to those who received wage payments. Multiple responses for the way wage payments are received are permitted. 188 812 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref Sysmiss If received wage payments: through a mobile phone If received wage payments: through a mobile phone If received wage payments: through a mobile phone If received wage payments: through a mobile phone If received wage payments: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an employer or boss paid your salary or wages in any of the following ways? You received payments through a mobile phone. Asked to those who received wage payments. Multiple responses for the way wage payments are received are permitted. 188 812 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received cashless wage payments: account use If received cashless wage payments: account use If received cashless wage payments: account use If received cashless wage payments: account use If received cashless wage payments: account use After your payment from an employer is transferred into an account, do you usually withdraw or transfer ALL OF THE MONEY out of the account RIGHT AWAY, or do you withdraw or transfer the money over time as you need it? Asked to those who received cashless wage payments. 28 972 1 2 1 1 all of the money right away 2 2 over time as needed 3 3 (dk) 4 4 (refused) Sysmiss If received cashless wage payments: account type If received cashless wage payments: account type If received cashless wage payments: account type If received cashless wage payments: account type If received cashless wage payments: account type Which of the following statements best describes the account that you use to receive payments from an employer? (Read 1-3) Asked to those who received cashless wage payments. 28 972 1 3 1 1 you had this account before you began receiving payments from an employer. 2 2 you had an account before, but this account was opened so you could receive payments from an employer. 3 3 this was your first account, and it was opened so you could receive payments from an employer. 4 4 (dk) 5 5 (refused) Sysmiss Received government transfers in past 12 months Received government transfers in past 12 months Received government transfers in past 12 months Received government transfers in past 12 months Received government transfers in past 12 months Have you, personally, RECEIVED any financial support from the government in the PAST 12 MONTHS? This money could include payments for educational or medical expenses, unemployment benefits, subsidy payments, or any kind of SOCIAL BENEFITS. Please do NOT include wages or any payments related to work. 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If received government transfers: in cash If received government transfers: in cash If received government transfers: in cash If received government transfers: in cash If received government transfers: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money from the government in any of the following ways? You received payments DIRECTLY in cash. Asked to those who received government transfers. Multiple responses for the way government transfers are received are permitted. 56 944 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received government transfers: into an account or to a card If received government transfers: into an account or to a card If received government transfers: into an account or to a card If received government transfers: into an account or to a card If received government transfers: into an account or to a card In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money from the government in any of the following ways? You received payments DIRECTLY in cash. Asked to those who received government transfers. Multiple responses for the way government transfers are received are permitted. 56 944 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref Sysmiss If received government transfers: through a mobile phone If received government transfers: through a mobile phone If received government transfers: through a mobile phone If received government transfers: through a mobile phone If received government transfers: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money from the government in any of the following ways? You received payments through a mobile phone. Asked to those who received government transfers. Multiple responses for the way government transfers are received are permitted. 56 944 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received cashless government transfers: account use If received cashless government transfers: account use If received cashless government transfers: account use If received cashless government transfers: account use If received cashless government transfers: account use After your payment from the government is transferred into an account, do you usually withdraw or transfer ALL OF THE MONEY out of the account RIGHT AWAY, or do you withdraw or transfer the money over time as you need it? Asked to those who received cashless government transfers. 10 990 1 2 1 1 all of the money right away 2 2 over time as needed 3 3 (dk) 4 4 (refused) Sysmiss If received cashless government transfers: account type If received cashless government transfers: account type If received cashless government transfers: account type If received cashless government transfers: account type If received cashless government transfers: account type Which of the following statements best describes the account that you use to receive payments from the government? (Read 1-3) Asked to those who received cashless government transfers. 10 990 1 3 1 1 you had this account before you began receiving payments from the government. 2 2 you had an account before, but this account was opened so you could receive payments from the government. 3 3 this was your first account, and it was opened so you could receive payments from the government. 4 4 (dk) 5 5 (refused) Sysmiss Received agricultural payments in past 12 months Received agricultural payments in past 12 months Received agricultural payments in past 12 months Received agricultural payments in past 12 months Received agricultural payments in past 12 months In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you personally RECEIVED money from any source for the sale of your or your family's agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock? 1000 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) If received agricultural payments: in cash If received agricultural payments: in cash If received agricultural payments: in cash If received agricultural payments: in cash If received agricultural payments: in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of your or your family's agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in any of the following ways? You received payments DIRECTLY in cash. Asked to those who received agricultural payments. Multiple responses for the way agricultural payments are received are permitted. 365 635 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received agricultural payments: into an account If received agricultural payments: into an account If received agricultural payments: into an account If received agricultural payments: into an account If received agricultural payments: into an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of your or your family's agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in any of the following ways? You received payments DIRECTLY into an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Asked to those who received agricultural payments. Multiple responses for the way agricultural payments are received are permitted. 365 635 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss If received agricultural payments: through a mobile phone If received agricultural payments: through a mobile phone If received agricultural payments: through a mobile phone If received agricultural payments: through a mobile phone If received agricultural payments: through a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of your or your family's agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in any of the following ways? You received payments through a mobile phone. Asked to those who received agricultural payments. Multiple responses for the way agricultural payments are received are permitted. 365 635 1 3 1 yes 2 no 3 (dk) 4 (ref) Sysmiss Saved in the past year Saved in the past year Saved in the past year Saved in the past year Saved in the past year Composite indicator 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref Borrowed in the past year Borrowed in the past year Borrowed in the past year Borrowed in the past year Borrowed in the past year Composite indicator 1000 1 2 1 yes 2 no 3 dk/ref