DDI_WB_ETH_2004_WSS_v01_M Olivier Dupriez 2005 NADA Version 1.1: (June 2011) Water and Sanitation Household Survey at Project Level 2004 - Oromia Region WSS 2004 ETH_2004_WSS_v01_M COWI NADA World Bank Other Household Survey [hh/oth] Dataset and documentation provided by COWI to Pete Kolsky. The Water and Sanitation Sector of the World Bank is facing increasing demands for access and performance data. This is driven in part by a corporate focus on the Millennium Development Goals and the World Bank’s contribution to their achievement, and in part by a general need to better monitor the impact of sector interventions. The aim of this report is to propose a range of dedicated project level WSS indicators at household level and a survey methodology on how to obtain these indicators. The goal of the household survey presented in this report is to obtain a better understanding of households' access to water, sanitation, and hygiene across a project area, and the safety and quality of the services provided from a household perspective. The methodology has been developed and tested simultaneously on urban households in Ethiopia and rural households in Peru. The survey instrument has been developed taking the work of the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) as a starting point. Hence the questions on water and sanitation in the JMP-questionnaire form part of survey instrument presented in this report. However, whereas the JMP approach aims at few comparable indicators which can be measured as part of a general national household survey, the aim of the methodology described here is to obtain more detailed information on water, sanitation and hygiene in a geographically limited project area. For the sample selection, a multiple stage cluster sampling methodology was proposed. When this procedure is followed carefully, a statistically representative sample is obtained which is crucial for the applicability of the results. The approach enables data collection with a balance between the precision of the estimates and practical implementation costs. A subset of 73 towns in the Oromia region was selected as the target of the survey. These towns were selected for projects to improve the water and sanitation services and are generally characterised by a low level of services. A two-stage cluster sampling procedure was applied to select the sample. From a total of 73 towns, 24 towns were selected randomly with a probability proportionate to size (PPS). In the second stage of the sample selection, enumeration maps were used in order to obtain a sample of households that is spread across each town. A total of 1,013 households were interviewed. The practical steps of survey administration included preparatory activities, testing, and data collection. Here we have placed emphasis on the training of the enumerators to ensure that they understand the task they are undertaking, and on quality control to ensure that the interviews are conducted in a professional manner which yields more accurate results. A set of 28 indicators is proposed from which the most locally relevant may be selected as the basis on which the monitoring should be carried out. The results of the survey are reported by presenting the 28 selected indicators, their mean values, and the confidence interval for the mean value. The survey indicates that 46% (±7%) of the households have access to improved water services and 38% (±5%) of the households have access to an improved sanitation facility, according to the definitions adopted in this report. More than four out of every five households have soap, while few households (5%, ±3%) are observed to have adopted appropriate hand washing practices, (as gauged by the absence of one or more of the necessary preconditions for hand washing: soap, water and sink, bucket or equivalent.) At the same time 30% (±9%) of the respondents claim to wash their hands at critical times. This means that there is a discrepancy in the results depending on the method used to obtain the data; this may be due to biases in both indicators; the enumerators may not be probing sufficiently to see the hand washing practice of household members, and the respondents may respond with “expected” or “desirable” behaviour rather than actual behaviour when asked to state when they wash their hands. It is proposed to use both observation and questions, although most emphasis should be put on the results from the questions when interpreting the results. Ten percent of the sample was back-checked after the end of the main data collection phase by having a separate group of enumerators visiting the interviewed households. The back-checking results include information about the two central indicators; access to improved drinking water and access to improved sanitation; and household size. The back-checking reveals a discrepancy between the results from the main data collection phase and the back-checking. This underlines that the backchecking should be used actively during the data collection in order to ensure early correction of quality flaws. Ethiopia The survey was carried out among households in urban areas in the Oromia region. There are approximately 550 towns in this region, and 73 towns had been chosen as candidates for possible water and sanitation projects. A number of selection criteria provided the background for this selection and, generally, the selected towns have a low level of water and sanitation services while there is some potential for cost recovery. The towns vary in size between 2,000 and 45,000 inhabitants. Thus the population from which the sample was taken is the 73 towns and not the entire population of towns in Oromia. A sample of households from 24 towns was selected to represent this universe of 73 towns. Households Sample survey data [ssd] The 2004 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Household Survey covered the following topics: - Household Characteristics - Water supply - Drinking water treatment - Storage - Attitude towards the water quality - Seasonal variation - Disposal of used water - Hygiene - Sanitation 1. Sample size Through discussion with the regional planning office in Oromia and the World Bank it was decided to carry out the survey among households in urban areas in the Oromia region. There are approximately 550 towns in this region, and 73 towns had been chosen as candidates for possible water and sanitation projects. A number of selection criteria provided the background for this selection and, generally, the selected towns have a low level of water and sanitation services while there is some potential for cost recovery. The towns vary in size between 2,000 and 45,000 inhabitants. A subset of 73 towns in the Oromia region was selected as the target of the survey. Households were selected in 23 of these 73 towns. A total of 1,013 households were interviewed. The population from which the sample was taken is thus the 73 towns and not the entire population of towns in Oromia. 2. Sample design The two-stage cluster sampling procedure is proposed for household surveys on water and sanitation. The term cluster refers to a natural grouping within the population, such as a neighbourhood, town, district or other community, from which a sub-sample may be selected. This procedure is based on the selection of a certain number of these clusters, i.e. primary sampling units (PSUs) with a probability proportional to size. 73 towns were selected in the first stage as PSUs. The selection of towns with a probability proportional to size (PPS) is carried out by creating a cumulative list of town populations and selecting a systematic sample from a random start. Within each of these PSUs a fixed number of households or basic sampling units (BSUs) is selected. Each BSU in the population had an equal probability of being in the sample. Such a sampling procedure is said to be self-weighting and leads to simplified formulas for analysis. 3. Sample frame A sample frame was defined for PSUs as well as BSUs. - For PSUs, the 73 towns in Oromia that were selected as candidates for water and sanitation improvement constituted the population from which the PSUs is selected. A simple sample frame with information about the population in these 73 towns in 2004 was available and applied as the basis for a PPS sample selection. - For BSUs (i.e. the selection of households), the ideal frame would be a list containing all households in each town that allows the analysts to choose a random selection from the list. But such a list did not exist. Enumeration maps from population censuses were thus used as the sample frame (enumeration maps are demarcated geographical areas, each of them consisting of approximately 200 households). The maps were from 1994 and it was therefore expected that, to some degree, they were inaccurate. In order to determine how inaccurate they were, a linear regression analysis was carried out with the number of inhabitants in the towns in 2004 as the response variable and the number of enumeration maps per town as the explanatory variable. As each enumeration map includes around 200 households, the total number of maps per town would indicate the total number of inhabitants. The regression analysis showed that the number of enumeration maps in 1994 is highly correlated with the number of inhabitants in 2004 (R2=0.98) and, more importantly, that there were no extreme observations (no standadized residual above 2). This means that the population size increased consistently in the towns over the period. The advantage of using enumeration maps is that they clearly limit a small geographical area from which it is easy to take a random selection of households. In addition, it is straightforward to select the maps randomly from each town in order to get a representative sample of geographical areas in each town. 5. Sample selection - First stage - selection of towns (PSUs) Information about the population in the 73 towns in 2004 was applied as the basis for a sample selection based on probability proportionate to size (PPS). A total of 25 clusters were selected resulting in 24 towns, because two clusters were chosen from one large town (Waliso). The number of primary sampling units was decided on the basis of the available resources and the marginal gain in precision of increasing the number of PSUs compared to the additional costs of increasing the number of clusters. With the assumption of a rate of homogeneity of 0.10 for the measured variable, it was decided that the survey should consist of 25 towns with 40 interviewed households in each town. For a variable with an expected proportion - or frequency - of 40% in the population, this means a standard error of 4.3% and a 95% confidence interval of 33% - 47%. If this interval is too wide to be acceptable vis-à-vis the object of the survey, the number of towns should be increased in order to reduce the standard deviation of the estimator. The 25 primary sampling units were drawn with a probability proportionate to the size of the towns from the population of 73 towns. In practice, the PPS procedure is carried out by creating a cumulative list of town populations and then selecting a systematic sample from a random start. In order to obtain a self-weighted sample, a constant number of households is selected within each of the 25 PSUs. Using this method, one town can be selected twice or more and this is the reason for distinguishing between towns and clusters. In the town that was chosen twice, Waliso, 80 households were interviewed. The following 24 towns were represented in the sample: ABOMSA, AMBO, BEKE, BOKOJI, BUBE, GEDO, GIMBI, GOBA, GUDER, HAGERE MARIAM, HIRNA, MEGADO, MEKI, MELKA, RAFU, MENNA, METTU, MOJO, MOYALE, NEGELE BORENA, NEJO, SUPHEE, WALENCHITI, WALISO, YABELO - Second stage - selection of households (BSUs) For the selection of households in each town, enumeration maps from the last population census were used. This was to ensure that the households selected were spread all over the town. Enumeration maps are particularly helpful when selecting a sample for a water and sanitation survey (and other infrastructure services) because households that are geographically close are likely to have the same level of service. Hence, the application of enumeration maps gives a sample, which is implicitly stratified and this lowers the variance of the estimates. Enumeration maps were obtained for the 20 medium-sized towns and, hence, not for the smallest four towns, as enumeration maps for very small towns are large and unwieldy. For example, in a town with 30,000 inhabitants there are around 30 enumeration maps. A random selection procedure was used to select 6 maps out of the 30. The enumeration maps vary in size according to the population density and will typically be larger in the outer areas than in the more densely populated centres of the towns. The selection of the 5-7 households to interview within each enumeration map area is carried out using a method of random selection. Rather than instructing the enumerators to use a specific rule to obtain a randomly selected sample, the concept of randomness was carefully explained along with different ways of making a random selection (flipping a coin, spinning a bottle, taking every third household). Whether the enumerator interviews households spread out on the enumeration map is easily checked, as interviewed households are marked on each map by the enumerator. In small towns with less than 6,000 inhabitants it was decided that the size of the enumeration maps become too large in order to work in practice, as the enumerators would have difficulties operating maps that measures 1x1 meter. As an alternative strategy of selecting households, the enumerators identified four points in the outer area of these towns where each enumerator begins his or her rounds of interview. From these starting points each enumerator made his or her way towards the centre of the town while randomly selecting households. As above, the random selection of households could be done in several ways. Each enumerator was free to choose his or her strategy for random selection, choosing between flipping a coin, spinning a bottle etc. The approach taken here was based on the idea to give the enumerators an understanding of the importance and meaning of random selection rather than giving an explicit rule. Face-to-face [f2f] The questionnaire proposed here for household surveys on water supply, sanitation and hygiene at project level takes its starting point in this core set of water, sanitation and hygiene questions as reflected in the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)'s "Guide for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Related Survey Questions" and "Questions for Household Survey Module - Water Supply, Sanitation and Hand Washing", June 2004. The JMP recommended questionnaire was adapted to obtain more detailed information on water, sanitation and hygiene in a geographically limited project area. In response to the specific requirements of the instruments, lessons learnt from more detailed and specific questionnaires have been taken into consideration, in particular those related to hygiene behaviour. Discussions with the World Bank both in Washington and in Addis Ababa, and the following documents, were the major sources of inspiration: • The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine's WASH survey method developed under the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene campaign of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), in particular Kristof Bostoen's water, sanitation and hygiene study in LAO PDR, funded by the World Bank. • The Environmental Health Project's (USAID) report on Assessing Hygiene Improvement - Guidelines for Household and Community Levels. • Boot, M.T. & Sandy Cairncross: Actions Speak - The study of hygiene behaviour in water and sanitation projects. The questionnaire was tested by conducting qualitative interviews. In addition, a back-check questionnaire was developed for the quality control. A set of picture cards were used to support the enumerators in understanding and asking questions on the different water supply and sanitation facilities. The show cards were based on those used in the World Health Surveys (WHO), supplemented by materials obtained from the Loughborough University Image Library and other sources. The quality of the illustrations can, to some extent, be improved in order to more clearly present the characteristics of a given technology and to take into consideration the variations in the design of the different technology types across countries and continents. Such improved illustrations are currently being procured by the WHO. SUBJECTS INCLUDED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Water supply In accordance with the JMP questionnaire, reasonable access to water supply is assessed through questions on the following topics: • main source of drinking water; • main source and alternative source for other purposes; • time to collect water; • quantity of water used; • individuals who collect water. The term reasonable access has been adapted from the JMP in recognition of the need to further qualify access because access is a relative term that only exists as more or less/to a higher or lower degree, depending on the socioeconomic and cultural context. The availability of an improved technology is not identical with accessibility, which depends on other factors such as the quality of the service, the location of the service, the reliability of the service etc. It has therefore been necessary to include generally acceptable standards or reasonable standards such as minimum quantity per person per day, minimum time spent on fetching water etc. Reasonable access measures the degree to which these standards are fulfilled and gives a more complete picture of access to water supply. The main source type of drinking water provides an approximation for reasonable access understood as the availability of safe water of at least 20 litres per person per day from a source that can be reached within 15 minutes from the respondents' dwelling (approximately equivalent to one kilometre). It is assumed by the JMP and others, for the purposes of making the surveys manageable, that certain types of technologies give an adequate supply of water, and these are accordingly defined as the improved water supply technologies. Improved water sources are protected water sources, non-improved water sources are unprotected water sources. A protected water source is constructed in a manner that prevents water from being contaminated, particularly from surface runoff (from rain, snow melt, or irrigation water). The following technologies are considered as improved: • piped water into dwelling; • piped water to yard/plot; • public tap/standpipe; • tubewell/borehole; • protected dug well; • protected spring; • rainwater collection in closed containers. Non-improved water supply facilities are: • unprotected dug well; • unprotected spring; • rainwater collection in open containers; • small-scale vendor; • tanker-truck; • surface water. According to the JMP definitions, bottled water is considered non-improved because of concerns about the supplied quantity, not because of concerns about the quality. Here bottled water is treated differently. If the main source of drinking water is bottled water, the alternative source is used to define if the water source is improved. For instance in this report, if the alternative source is piped water into dwelling, the water supply is considered to be improved. Water treatment is also included in the survey to discern whether households are treating the water before drinking. As households frequently use alternative sources for other purposes than drinking, additional information is collected on the main and alternative water source used for bathing, washing, cleaning, etc. Questions on water transport time are included as an important determinant of access to water supply. Finally, a question on who fetches the water is included in order to obtain information about the burden from this work on women and children. Compared to the JMP questionnaire, the proposed questionnaire has been supplemented with questions on the following topics to obtain a more complete picture: • Handling of water during storage and for consumption: This is included as safe water from the source could be contaminated during storage and at the time of consumption if not handled properly; • Seasonality is included because continuous access to improved water only applies if the household has access all year round. • Reliability of water supply: Questions are included on the occurrence and duration of breakdowns. If the duration of breakdowns is excessive, i.e. more than one month in total during the last half year access is limited. • Daily availability: Questions are included on the operation time of water supply facilities. • Attitudes towards water services quality: This is to assess "reasonable access" in terms of the degree of the households' satisfaction with their water services such as water quality, distance, and stability of the services, etc. • Expenditures on water, water treatment and water storage Experience gained from the trial of the WASH survey for water, sanitation and hygiene practices referred to in section 2.1 suggests that enumerators have difficulties in understanding and explaining the different water supply and sanitation technologies. Therefore visual aids (picture cards with drawings of the different technologies) are used for training purposes and to support the enumerators during field work. The visual aids are presented in Appendix 41 of the report. Questions are combined with direct observations, as observations often achieve more accurate results, especially in the case of delicate issues such as cleanliness, hygiene, etc. "Water handling" is also assessed through observation, i.e. the condition and design of the storage container and water drawing devices. 2. Sanitation In line with the JMP core questionnaire, "access to an adequate sanitation facility" is assessed through two questions: • available sanitation technology; • shared/non-shared facilities. Knowing the type of sanitation facility used by a household provides information on the degree to which the facility meets basic sanitation requirements, i.e. if it hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Meeting basic sanitation requirements is possible through the following facilities: • flush to piped sewer system; • flush to septic tank; • flush/pour flush to pit; • composting toilet; • VIP/pit latrine with slab. Facilities that do not meet basic sanitation requirements include: • flush/pour flush to elsewhere; • pit latrine without slab/open pit; • bucket toilet; • hanging toilet; • open air/bush/field etc. Whether a sanitation facility is shared with other households or is a public facility can impact its hygienic quality and in turn have an impact on its use. Shared facilities that are poorly maintained may be difficult for household members to use because of filth, odour and flies. Shared facilities - either private or publicare not considered adequate. The JMP questions focus only on the type of available facilities. In the proposed questionnaire, additional indicators are included that measure the actual use of the facilities, cf. Appendix 1 of the report. Actual use is assessed by the presence of factors that are likely to encourage or discourage their use. The following are included: • time to reach the facility; • free access, signs of regular use; • hygienic condition of facility. If it takes a long time to reach the facility - if the facility is some distance away from the place of residence - this may discourage its use, e.g. by children or during the night. Whether a facility is actually used or not can be assessed by looking at certain conditions such as free passage (path is cleared, entrance not blocked, etc) and other signs of use. The hygienic condition of a facility is an indication of its use - unhygienic conditions are more likely to discourage its use. At the same time, the condition of the facility is an indication of hygiene practices. Picture cards are used to assist the enumerators to identify/validate the type of sanitation available to a household. Also, questions are combined with observations. The time it takes to reach the facility, the accessibility (indication of actual use) of the facility and its hygiene condition are assessed through observation. The costs of building the sanitation facility and the costs of maintenance and repair are also assessed, because costs are important aspects. 3. Grey water discharge Grey water consists of domestic wastewater exclusive of toilet waste. The rationale for including grey water is that from the point of view of "water hygiene" wastewater disposal is an integral part of the "water handling cycle" comprising drawing of water, storage, handling for consumption, reuse, and wastewater disposal. Water used for cleaning clothes and nappies can be heavily contaminated with the same disease-causing organisms that hygiene and sanitation are intended to control. Stagnant water resulting from insufficiently drained grey water could also become breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Grey water therefore needs to be disposed of properly. The following observations are included to assess grey water disposal: • mode of discharge of the household's wastewater; • hygiene condition of the point of discharge. 4. Hygiene practices Three questions are used to assess hygiene practices. They are concerned with: • access to hand washing supplies; • use of hand washing supplies at critical times; • disposal of child faeces. Hand washing is one of the most important preventive measures for reducing the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease. Whether a household has access to hand washing supplies such as soap can provide an indication of whether appropriate hand washing practices within the household are possible or likely. Along with appropriate hand washing supplies, hand washing at critical times is an important element of appropriate hand washing practices. Knowing how children's faeces are disposed of is a critical aspect of hygiene improvement. Particular focus is placed on children's faeces because their faeces are more likely to be a source of contamination in the household environment than the faeces of other household members - and because in many societies they are considered harmless and therefore are not disposed of properly. The JMP questions focus on the availability of soap alone, but in the proposed questionnaire soap alone is not considered a sufficient indication of appropriate hand washing practices, as soap may be used for other purposes. In many places/countries, no distinction is made between soap for hand washing and soap for other uses such as washing dishes, washing clothes, cleaning, etc. It appears more useful to look at the entire "hand washing system". This is also supported by the WASH and EHP surveys, which find that the observed (concurrent) presence of items needed for hand washing, i.e. soap, water and basin, works best as an indicator for "good hygiene practice". For this reason, an observation is included of people's hand washing practices (they are asked to demonstrate how they usually wash their hands) to determine if the three prerequisites are present. A fourth indicator of hand washing - the presence of a clean towel or cloth2 - is not used, as assessing cleanliness through the enumerators' judgement is very subjective while at the same time towels or cloths that are not clean constitute a health hazard. 5. Household characteristics In addition to the core questions on water, sanitation, drainage and hygiene a number of standard questions on household characteristics are included to establish the households' socio-economic situation. Although this is not the main objective of the present study, this may allow for identification of the relationship between poverty/well-being levels and water, sanitation and hygiene conditions. The survey methodology was tested thoroughly before the main data collection. This was done both by conducting qualitative interviews with households in order to test the relevance and wording of the questions, and by conducting pilot interviews where the instrument and the sample selection procedure were tested. The implementation followed the time schedule below: • Test of questionnaire, qualitative interview: 13-14 September 2004 • Pilot interviews: 15 September 2004 • Main phase interviews: 18-31 September 2004 • Coding answers into database 4-13 October 2004 • Back-checking interviews 20-25 October 2004 The time schedule for the implementation, test of questionnaire, and pilot interviews was tight. The coding of the answers was expected to take one week, but took instead one and a half weeks. The back-checking was initiated after the data file was received by the consultant. Qualitative work Prior to the testing of the questionnaire and the household selection procedure by the enumerators in the field, a qualitative assessment and test was conducted by the consultant's team with the aim to: • obtain a first-hand impression of the present levels of services and hygiene conditions; • validate the questionnaire in terms of relevance, clarity, and the cultural sensitivity of the questions; • check the consistency of the questionnaire. A first hand-impression of the existing services, hygiene conditions and other relevant background information was obtained from the local authorities (Wereda, Kebele, Water Office) during courtesy visits. This background information was useful in assessing the relevance and effectiveness of the questionnaire. A uniform check list was prepared specifying relevant water supply, sanitation and hygiene topics. The qualitative assessment of the questionnaire was conducted in three towns. The towns were selected in such a way that that small towns as well as medium towns were included. Care was taken to ensure that different technical options were represented. Due to time constraints, highland towns close to Addis Ababa were chosen. Therefore, technologies, socio-economic, and sociocultural conditions that may be prevalent in other parts of Oromia region, in particular lowland towns, were not represented. Preferably, the locations for the qualitative assessment tests should be selected carefully so as to capture the full range of diversity. The assessment approach was a combination of household in-depth interviews and group discussions conducted in a number of households that were selected to cover a variety of water supply and sanitation technologies and different socio-economic characteristics. The English version of the questionnaire was used and the interpreter translated all questions into the appropriate language. Questions that were not easily answered were discussed in detail with the interviewee and other members of the family, neighbours who had dropped in etc, to identify the causes of misunderstandings (lack of clarity, imprecise terms, etc) and to find improved or alternative formulations. The interpreter also provided feed-back on the usefulness and clarity of the questions, the observation parts of the questionnaire, and the enumerator instructions. The questionnaire was subsequently revised and adjusted in accordance with the findings of the qualitative assessment and translated into the local language. Training of enumerators The training of the enumerators lasted 4 days. Twelve enumerators were employed for the interviews and they were all graduate students. They were divided into three teams and a team leader was appointed for each team. In addition, each team was provided with a car with driver. The training sessions were as follows: - Day 1: The purpose of this initial meeting with the enumerators was to give them a brief introduction to the purpose of the survey as well as the working conditions. - Day 2: In the morning the enumerators were trained in a classroom session where we carefully explained the purpose of all questions in the questionnaire and described the sampling method as well as the concept of randomness. This was followed by test interviews where the enumerators interviewed each other. In the afternoon all enumerators and the entire consultant team went to Mojo to conduct the pilot survey, 60 km from Addis Ababa. This was to test both the questionnaire and if the enumerators were able to find the area on the enumeration maps. A total of 21 pilot interviews were conducted, and some enumerators chose to conduct the interviews in pairs. - Day 3: The enumerators were debriefed in order for the consultant's team to learn from their experience and to receive comments to the Oromo version of the questionnaire. The purpose of the debriefing was to obtain information for the final corrections of the questionnaire and to ensure that the methodology envisaged was working and well understood by all enumerators. - Day 4: The last training session had two purposes. First, to update the enumerators on the changes made from the pilot questionnaire to the final questionnaire. There were only minor changes regarding the translation into Oromo. Secondly, the enumerators were divided into teams and the selected towns for the survey were distributed among the teams so that one team was going west, one east, and one south. Also, the enumerators were instructed about their routes. Composition of data collection team The implementation team consisted of: • one coordinator/supervisor • twelve enumerators, divided into three teams, each with a team leader. The number of interviews one enumerator can conduct per day vary depending on the geography of the area. In the towns in Oromia one interviewer was able to conduct 8-10 interviews per day. Between 100 and 200 interviews per enumerator is thus appropriate. • four back-checkers • one drivers with vehicle per team The enumerators were supervised from a distance during the main phase. Each team leader was instructed to call the coordinator every day to discuss progresses and to report any difficulties encountered. The sample is self-weighted The answers were typed in using an SPSS form pre-coded for the questionnaire. Such SPSS format was used in order to avoid misunderstandings and errors in the coding. Both the results from the main phase questionnaire and the back-check questionnaire were coded into the database using the SPSS form. In the final report, the analysis of the data was carried out by estimating the means of the indicators measured and the precision of these variables in terms of standard errors and the associated 95% confidence intervals. Parameters used to compute means and variance In Ethiopia, a sample consisting of 25 towns are selected from a population of 73 towns. In addition, in each town a sample of 40 households are selected. The total population in the 73 towns is N, while the population in the individual town is Nk, k = 1,..,M. Hence, the following parameters: • m = 25 towns; • M = 73 towns; • nk = 40 interviewed households per town; • N = Total population of the 73 towns: 797,065; • Nk = Individual town population. Design effect and rate of homogeneity The design effect and the rate of homogeneity have been calculated for each of the 28 indicators (see table below). Both vary depending on the question forming the basis of the calculation. For instance for an indicator where the difference across towns is limited, the design effect and the rate of homogeneity will both be low. This table has been included because it may be useful for future surveys. The design effect should be used for the questions which are most important regarding the purpose of the survey. Design effect The design effect is conventionally set at two when calculating the sample size. The design effect and rate of homogeneity for Ethiopia were however calculated on the basis of the data collected in this project. Based on these data, the design effect is estimated to be 3 for the question on access to improved water services and 4 for access to improved sanitation. Note: other studies have found even higher design effects including Kristof Bostoen et al. where the design effect for access to water and sanitation after stratification is estimated to be around 7 and around 13 when no stratification is used (i.e urban and rural households were included in the same sample). Such high design effects mean that a cluster sampling procedure in some cases needs significantly more observations than simple random sampling in order to achieve the same level of precision - or equivalently, for a constant sample size, that the number of clusters needs to be increased. Rate of homogeneity In the survey in Ethiopia, the rate of homogeneity was estimated to be 0.08 for access to improved water supply and 0.13 for access to improved sanitation facilities, indicating a lower variance between the towns than seen in other studies. The rate of homogeneity is a measure of the variability between clusters as compared to the variation within clusters. In a two-stage cluster sample it is equivalent to the "intra-cluster correlation". In a more complex design such as a stratified multistage survey, it is composed of the components of variability from all stages of the design. Its value will be higher for variables whose values vary more between clusters than within them. For example, because families in the same area tend to have broadly similar water and sanitation standard, variables such as access to improved water supply and access to improved sanitation facilities will be more likely to produce the same response for two individuals in the same cluster than for individuals in separate clusters. These variables are often assumed to have a relatively high value of the rate of homogeneity, around 0.20. It should be noted that the rate of homogeneity depends on the variable measured and should be reported for each main indicator. For instance, in the case of urban areas in Ethiopia, the rate of homogeneity is higher for water supply than for access to sanitation meaning that the difference in water supply between towns is less than the difference in sanitation facilities. Number of clusters (PSUs) The design effect, the rate of homogeneity and the number of clusters in a sample are closely connected and have significant influence on the precision of the sample, i.e. the standard errors of the measured variables in the sample. In Ethiopia, the number of primary sampling units was decided on the basis of the available resources and the marginal gain in precision of increasing the number of clusters compared to the additional costs of increasing the number of clusters. As the sample is to be decided before the estimates of design effect and rate of homogeneity is available, the rate of homogeneity in Bennet et al. of 0.20 was assumed. It was decided that the survey should consist of 25 towns (clusters) with 40 interviewed households in each town. This was decided as a trade of between transportation cost and marginal precision of the estimates. For a variable with an expected proportion - or frequency - of 40% in the population, this means a standard error of 4.6% and a 95% confidence interval between 31.0 - 49.0%. As it was seen in Table 3.2, the estimated rate of homogeneity in Ethiopia turned out to be lower than expected, with means that the precision of the indicators is ±7% rather than ±9%. Number of observations The number of observations needed to obtain a certain level of precision was estimated based on prior estimates of the rate of homogeneity obtained from other studies in similar areas (in order to be able to estimate the expected level of precision and hence the necessary sample size and number of cluster). If a certain precision of the estimate households with access to improved water supply is needed, emphasis should be on the number of clusters rather than on the number of interviews. For instance if the results are needed with a precision of ±5%, this can be obtained with 1,000 interviews distributed on 60 clusters. Such precision cannot be obtained with 25 clusters even with 4,000 interviews. Design effect and rate of homogeneity by indicator No / Indicator / Design effect / Rate of homogeneity I1 / Continuous access to improved water sources as main drinking water source / 4.25 / 0.09 I2 / Access to improved water supply as main drinking source at least part of year / 5.49 / 0.12 I3 / Time to collect water is 30 minutes or less / 4.88 / 0.12 I4 / Daily availability / 2.46 / 0.04 I5 / Continued supply of main drinking water source/ limited irreg. interr. during last six months / 4.41 / 0.09 I6 / Availability of 20 l/c/d / 3.08 / 0.11 I7 / Reasonable access / 5.29 / 0.15 I8 / Appropriate and hygienic drinking water storage facilities / 2.67 / 0.13 I9 / Satisfaction with the quality of their main drinking water services / 8.95 / 0.20 I10 / Water treatment within the last week / 0.53 / -0.01 I11 / Average initial costs of water services / 2.01 / 0.07 I12 / Average monthly costs of water services / 6.96 / 0.35 I13 / Average cost of storage facility / 1.21 / 0.03 I14 / Average costs of water treatment / 0.87 / -0.07 I15 / Access to improved sanitation facilities / 2.91 / 0.05 I16 / Access and actual use of improved sanitation facility / 4.03 / 0.08 I17 / Sanitation facility within less than 5 min. from household / 1.84 / 0.03 I18 / Improved sanitation facility in good hygienic condition / 1.55 / 0.02 I19 / Satisfaction with the quality of the sanitation facility / 4.84 / 0.12 I20 / Average cost for building facility / 1.82 / 0.05 I21 / Average annual costs for maintenance and repair / 1.74 / 0.12 I22 / Access to improved grey water disposal methods / 3.72 / 0.07 I23 / Availability of soap in the household / 3.92 / 0.08 I24 / Adoption of appropriate hand washing practices / 3.51 / 0.08 I25 / Use of soap at critical times / 8.48 / 0.23 I26 / Awareness of children's hand washing practices / 1.39 / 0.01 I27 / Properly disposal of children's faeces / 1.84 / 0.06 I28 / Clean surroundings around residence / 6.09 / 0.14 Note: Some of the estimated values of the rate of homogeneity are less the zero (I10, I14). This is due to low values of the indicator and sampling variation. The rate of returns less than zero should be interpreted as 0, i.e. that there is not more correlation between the households living in the same town than household living in different towns. Water treatment is an example of this; very few household treat the water and almost no households are able to give an estimate of the amount spent on the water treatment. On the other hand, the largest variation across towns is found for reasonable access (I7) which means that there is a correlation between household with reasonable access and the town that they live in. A back-checking procedure was initiated to ensure the quality of results and to check that the questionnaires were genuine and not filled in by the enumerators at home. A team of three back-checkers was employed for the work and they were trained by explaining the purpose of the research, the importance of their job as well as the questions in the back-check questionnaire. It was emphasised that the difficult part of the back-checking was to relocate the households interviewed in the main phase. Back-check sample A sample of 10% of the households was back-checked and these households were chosen so that interviews conducted by all twelve enumerators could be checked. This was ensured by selecting a limited number of towns and backchecking a large fraction of households interviews in these towns.The towns were selected by the consultant after the termination of the main interview phase: Gedo, Meki, Agere Marayam and Yabelo. The back-check questionnaire was in Oromo and in order to ease the job of finding the households, which participated in the survey, the back-checkers received the relevant enumeration maps and addresses of the households (though the addresses contain very limited information). Ideally the back-checking is conducted during the main phase of the survey, because this may allow early correction of quality flaws. However, in Ethiopia this was not possible, because the data entry was done in Addis Ababa only after the return of the enumerators. Back check results The quality assurance is carried out by comparing the result of two identical questions. These are the key questions about main source of drinking water and toilet facility/toilet practice of the household. In addition, a question about the number of household was included in the back-check questionnaire. The back-checking procedure is in this project used for two purposes: • to check if the interviews were actually carried out • to check the reliability of the results technology Results: 1. Check that the interviews were actually carried out The results were not as good as expected but not sufficiently to conclude that the interviewers did not fill out questionnaires themselves without interviewing the households. 2. Check the reliability of the results Main drinking water source The back-checking of the main drinking water source indicates to what degree the result depends on the enumerator collecting the data. Comparing the answers for main drinking water source for the main phase and for the backcheck, shows that 57% indicates that they have an improved drinking water source in the main survey, whereas 66% indicates this in the back-checking. Less than half of the observations were in accordance. This may be due to uncertainty regarding the definition of the technology both among the enumerators and the back-checkers as well as the respondents. This may indicate that there is need for more training or better defined categories than used in the present survey. Toilet facility/toilet practice Similarly, the results of the back-checking are compared to the result from the main phase of the data collection. Here, whereas 40% of the households has improved toilet facilities according to the main phase interviews, only 17% of the household has these facilities according to the back-checking. For 37% of the households, the same answer is obtained in the main phase as in the back-checking. The results of the back-checking may indicate that more work needs to be done in describing the various technologies and in training the enumerators to distinguish between the technologies. Main drinking water source The back-checking of the main drinking water source indicates to what degree the result depends on the enumerator collecting the data. Comparing the answers for main drinking water source for the main phase and for the backcheck, shows that 57% indicates that they have an improved drinking water source in the main survey, whereas 66% indicates this in the back-checking. Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include: - the Identification of the Primary Investigator - the title of the survey (including acronym and year of implementation) - the survey reference number - the source and date of download Example: COWI. Ethiopia Water and Sanitation Household Survey at Project Level 2004 - Oromia Region. Dataset downloaded from [website/source] on [date]. The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. population_ethiopia 24 2 backchecking_ethiopia 134 15 household_survey_ethiopia_final 1013 225 Interviewer's name Interviewer's name Interviewer's name Interviewer's name Interviewer's name 1013 AAYESSA LATAA DAMISSAA DAMISSEE DAYASSA LETA DAYESSA LATAA DAYESSA LETA DAYESSE LETA FEKADU FEKADU ABERA FEKADU ABLRA FEKDU ABERA FIKADA FIKADEE FIKADU GADISE GAMSIISA HUNDEESSAA GAMSIISAA .H GAMSIISAA HUMDESSAA GAMSIISAA HUNDEESSA GAMSIISAA HUNDEESSAA GAMSIISAA LAMDESSAA GAMSISA HUNDESSA GAMSISAA HUNDEESSAA GAMSISAA HUNDESSAA GUTAMA MOROOAA GUTAMAA MORODA GUTEMA MORODA GUUTAMAA MOREDAA KATAMAA KETEMA TOLOSSA MULISA MULISE TAKELE UMA TAKELE UME TAKELE UNA TAKLE UMA TANAANYE DALASSA TANANYEE TEFERI KEBEBEW TEFERI KEBEDEW TENAGNE DELESSA TENAGNE DELESSE TENEGNE DELESSA TENEGNE DELESSE TENEGNE MELESSE WUDINESH GEDAFAA Town Town Town Town Town 1013 ABOMSA AMBO BEKE BOKOJI BUBE GEDO GIMBI GOBA GUDER HAGERE MARIAM HIRNA MEGADO MEKI MELKA RAFU MENNA METTU MOJO MOYALE NEGELE BORENA NEJO SUPHEE WALENCHITI WALISO YABELO Household ID Household ID Household ID Household ID Household ID 1012 Enumeration Map ID Enumeration Map ID Enumeration Map ID Enumeration Map ID Enumeration Map ID 819 Date - e.g. 23102004 if 23 october 2004 Date - e.g. 23102004 if 23 october 2004 Date - e.g. 23102004 if 23 october 2004 Date - e.g. 23102004 if 23 october 2004 Date - e.g. 23102004 if 23 october 2004 1011 2 15 200296 6143.237 29078.944 Start time Start time Start time Start time Start time 620 393 110 6050 657.998 659.355 Respondents name Respondents name Respondents name Respondents name Respondents name 1010 Respondents address Respondents address Respondents address Respondents address Respondents address 1012 Respondents phone Respondents phone Respondents phone Respondents phone Respondents phone 190 Agree to participate in the interview? Agree to participate in the interview? Agree to participate in the interview? Agree to participate in the interview? Agree to participate in the interview? Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name is ....... and I am carrying out research on behalf of COWI, an independent company. I would like to speak to an adult female member of the household, who is living in this household on a permanent basis. The aim of the research is to gain knowledge about household's water supply and sanitation facilities and related issues. As part of the questions I would like to see your household's water and sanitation facilities, and in addition to the questions I ask, I will take notes about the facilities you show me. Your household has been chosen for the interview by random and only a certain number of households in this town will be interviewed. The purpose is to obtain a general view of the situation and all the information your give remains strictly confidential. The interview will take about 30 minutes. Would you agree to participate in the interview? If "Yes" ask for details below Respondent: Name.................. Address .............. Phone ................ The name, address and phone number is needed for our quality procedure - GO TO Q2 If "No", write location of household on the list of 1 2 respondents who are refusing to participate) 580 433 1 2 1.003 0.0587 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household? Circle one only. 998 15 1 15 5.617 4.973 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss Main source of drinking water: other specified Main source of drinking water: other specified Main source of drinking water: other specified Main source of drinking water: other specified Main source of drinking water: other specified What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household? (Please write in) Households who respond "Other" at question q2 27 BISHAAN BITTAA BITTAADLAAN BITTAN DHAAN DHUNFAARAA BITACHUDHAN FROM PRIVAT PIPE FROM PRIVATE PIPE KAN DUUNFAA BITA OHUUDLEN LAGAA IRRAA WARABACHUDAN MOOTU MAAN RENNAAFII MOOTUMAA TU KENAAFII MOOTUMAATU KENNAAFII NAMA DHUNFAA IRRA BITACHEDHAN OLBAAIRRAE BITUUDHAAN PRIVATE PIPE PURCHASE PURCHASES QARSHIIDHAN BINNA Use of other sources of water, drinking and other purposes Use of other sources of water, drinking and other purposes Use of other sources of water, drinking and other purposes Use of other sources of water, drinking and other purposes Use of other sources of water, drinking and other purposes Does your household use other sources of water, drinking and other purposes? If "No" : If only piped water (into dwelling/yard) is used GO TO Q10, otherwise GO TO Q5 If "Don’t know": If only piped water (into dwelling/yard) is used GO TO Q10, otherwise GO TO Q5 878 135 1 3 1.705 0.471 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don’t know Sysmiss a) Drinking - Main source of water? a) Drinking - Main source of water? a) Drinking - Main source of water? a) Drinking - Main source of water? a) Drinking - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: Drinking Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 342 671 1 15 5.804 4.937 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss a) Drinking - Other source of water? a) Drinking - Other source of water? a) Drinking - Other source of water? a) Drinking - Other source of water? a) Drinking - Other source of water? Please state the other sources for each use of water: Drinking Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 140 873 1 15 9.75 4.072 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss b) Cooking - Main source of water? b) Cooking - Main source of water? b) Cooking - Main source of water? b) Cooking - Main source of water? b) Cooking - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: Cooking Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 332 681 1 15 6.22 5.116 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss b) Cooking - Other source of water? b) Cooking - Other source of water? b) Cooking - Other source of water? b) Cooking - Other source of water? b) Cooking - Other source of water? Please state the other sources for each use of water: Cooking Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 142 871 1 15 9.549 4.127 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss c) Washing clothes - Main source of water? c) Washing clothes - Main source of water? c) Washing clothes - Main source of water? c) Washing clothes - Main source of water? c) Washing clothes - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: Washing clothes Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 315 698 1 15 5.924 4.964 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss c) Washing clothes - Other source of water c) Washing clothes - Other source of water c) Washing clothes - Other source of water c) Washing clothes - Other source of water c) Washing clothes - Other source of water Please state the other sources for each use of water: Washing clothes Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 144 869 1 15 9.59 4.23 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss d) House cleaning - Main source of water? d) House cleaning - Main source of water? d) House cleaning - Main source of water? d) House cleaning - Main source of water? d) House cleaning - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: House cleaning Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 286 727 1 15 5.584 4.821 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss d) House cleaning - Other source of water? d) House cleaning - Other source of water? d) House cleaning - Other source of water? d) House cleaning - Other source of water? d) House cleaning - Other source of water? Please state the other sources for each use of water: House cleaning Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 119 894 1 15 9.588 4.197 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss e) Bathing/washing - Main source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Main source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Main source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Main source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: Bathing/washing your bodies Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 215 798 1 15 5.409 4.801 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss e) Bathing/washing - Other source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Other source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Other source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Other source of water? e) Bathing/washing - Other source of water? Please state the other sources for each use of water: Bathing/washing your bodies Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 80 933 1 15 10.263 4.316 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss f) Domestic agriculture - Main source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Main source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Main source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Main source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: Domestic agriculture Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 39 974 1 14 3.256 3.067 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss f) Domestic agriculture - Other source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Other source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Other source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Other source of water? f) Domestic agriculture - Other source of water? Please state the other sources for each use of water: Domestic agriculture Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. 2 1011 5 7 6 1.414 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss g) Other, write down - Main source of water? g) Other, write down - Main source of water? g) Other, write down - Main source of water? g) Other, write down - Main source of water? g) Other, write down - Main source of water? Please state the main source for each use of water: Other (write down) Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. g) Other, write down - Other source of water? g) Other, write down - Other source of water? g) Other, write down - Other source of water? g) Other, write down - Other source of water? g) Other, write down - Other source of water? Please state the other sources for each use of water: Other (write down) Write in the category number as above, write "0" for none. Prompt for other sources, for example rainwater. If the household is using piped water (into dwelling/yard) only in both Q2 and Q4, GO TO Q10 Mother/wife/aunt/sister/sister in law usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Mother/wife/aunt/sister/sister in law usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Mother/wife/aunt/sister/sister in law usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Mother/wife/aunt/sister/sister in law usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Mother/wife/aunt/sister/sister in law usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to the source to fetch the water for the household? Circle ‘1’ for all mentioned, TWO maximum 417 596 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Father/husband/uncle/brother usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Father/husband/uncle/brother usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Father/husband/uncle/brother usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Father/husband/uncle/brother usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Father/husband/uncle/brother usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to the source to fetch the water for the household? Circle ‘1’ for all mentioned, TWO maximum 83 930 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Daughter/niece usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Daughter/niece usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Daughter/niece usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Daughter/niece usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Daughter/niece usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to the source to fetch the water for the household? Circle ‘1’ for all mentioned, TWO maximum 210 803 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Son/nefew usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Son/nefew usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Son/nefew usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Son/nefew usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Son/nefew usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to the source to fetch the water for the household? Circle ‘1’ for all mentioned, TWO maximum 115 898 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Other person usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Other person usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Other person usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Other person usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Other person usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to the source to fetch the water for the household? Circle ‘1’ for all mentioned, TWO maximum 46 967 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for the household? Who usually goes to the source to fetch the water for the household? Circle ‘1’ for all mentioned, TWO maximum 40 ANA MOFFER BIFANEE BITTAADHAAN BY PAYMENT HAADHA IJOOLLEE HAADHAA FI MUCAA DHIIRAA HOJATAATU WAARABAA HOJETUU MANA HOUSE SERVANET HUHDI KEENY HI WARADA HUNDUUTUU HI WARAABA KAN BOKKAA KUFACHUUDHAN LIABRARY LIBAURY MAALQAAN WARAABIFNA MAEQ WARAABSIFNA MAJETA GAANII MANNI OLLAA IRREE NAAF WARAADA MOJJETTOTO MOOLOQAA MOTHER MUCAA ILMM SAANII NANA IRRAA BITAACHUN NANA IRRAA BITACHUUN QANHIIDHAANIS HIN WARABSIFNA QARSHIIDHAN WARABSISA SERVANTS USING OTHERS LABOUR WAARA GURGURAATUU IRRAA WARRA HAREEDHAN FIDURRAA WERE GURZUNRAA BITACHUUDHAN WHERE HAREEDHAN AFIDURRA BRIFATH How long time does it take to go there, get water and come back? How long time does it take to go there, get water and come back? How long time does it take to go there, get water and come back? How long time does it take to go there, get water and come back? How long time does it take to go there, get water and come back? How long does it take to go there, get water and come back? Instruct respondent to exclude time used to other household errands. Make sure that the answer is for one roundtrip only. 571 442 0.3 999 55.164 186.13 Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? 525 488 1 2 1.956 0.205 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss If yes, write means of transport If yes, write means of transport If yes, write means of transport If yes, write means of transport If yes, write means of transport Does your household use any means of transport for fetching the water? If "Yes", write in means of transport 10 GAANII GAARII GAARII HARREE HAREE KAN LAQAA HARREE UI FAYY ADAMMA NAMATU QARSHIIDHHAA WARAABA QARIIDHAAN Size of container, type 1 Size of container, type 1 Size of container, type 1 Size of container, type 1 Size of container, type 1 What is the size of the container(s) you are using to fetch the water? (liters) Ask to see the containers and note the size. 647 366 0.25 2000 46.786 178.415 Size of container, type 2 Size of container, type 2 Size of container, type 2 Size of container, type 2 Size of container, type 2 What is the size of the container(s) you are using to fetch the water? (liters) Ask to see the containers and note the size. 142 871 2 40 14.085 7.025 Size of container, type 3 Size of container, type 3 Size of container, type 3 Size of container, type 3 Size of container, type 3 What is the size of the container(s) you are using to fetch the water? (liters) Ask to see the containers and note the size. 29 984 2 30 8.655 7.504 Number of containers per day, type 1 Number of containers per day, type 1 Number of containers per day, type 1 Number of containers per day, type 1 Number of containers per day, type 1 How many containers does your household usually use per day (for all purposes and sources)? 745 268 0.01 2043 43.758 168.631 Number of containers per day, type 2 Number of containers per day, type 2 Number of containers per day, type 2 Number of containers per day, type 2 Number of containers per day, type 2 How many containers does your household usually use per day (for all purposes and sources)? 144 869 0.1 150 9.94 22.559 Number of containers per day, type 3 Number of containers per day, type 3 Number of containers per day, type 3 Number of containers per day, type 3 Number of containers per day, type 3 How many containers does your household usually use per day (for all purposes and sources)? 44 969 0.4 50 8.464 12.947 Amount paid per day for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount paid per day for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount paid per day for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount paid per day for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount paid per day for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr How much does your household usually pay per day for the water (for all purposes and sources)? GO TO Q13 If the household is consuming bottled water, these expenditures should be included. 567 446 0.03 400 12.013 30.427 Nb cubic meters usually used per month (all purposes) Nb cubic meters usually used per month (all purposes) Nb cubic meters usually used per month (all purposes) Nb cubic meters usually used per month (all purposes) Nb cubic meters usually used per month (all purposes) How many cubic meters does your household usually use per month (for all purposes)? If the water is metered, ask to see the latest tree water bill and write down the average amount of water. 491 522 0.03 30000 749.492 2252.33 Amount usually paid per month for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount usually paid per month for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount usually paid per month for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount usually paid per month for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr Amount usually paid per month for water (all purposes and sources) - Birr How much does your household usually pay per month for the water (for all purposes and sources)? (Birr) If the household is consuming bottled water, these expenditures should be included. Use water bills as above. 619 394 0.2 2400 40.288 142.028 Contributions to get the water supply facility: connection fee/initial contribution? Contributions to get the water supply facility: connection fee/initial contribution? Contributions to get the water supply facility: connection fee/initial contribution? Contributions to get the water supply facility: connection fee/initial contribution? Contributions to get the water supply facility: connection fee/initial contribution? What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 324 689 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: building material, sand, cement, stones, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: building material, sand, cement, stones, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: building material, sand, cement, stones, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: building material, sand, cement, stones, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: building material, sand, cement, stones, etc. What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 255 758 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: pipes, taps, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: pipes, taps, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: pipes, taps, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: pipes, taps, etc. Contributions to get the water supply facility: pipes, taps, etc. What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 256 757 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: water meter Contributions to get the water supply facility: water meter Contributions to get the water supply facility: water meter Contributions to get the water supply facility: water meter Contributions to get the water supply facility: water meter What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 196 817 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: own labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: own labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: own labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: own labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: own labour What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 150 863 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: hire labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: hire labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: hire labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: hire labour Contributions to get the water supply facility: hire labour What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 92 921 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 45 968 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: none Contributions to get the water supply facility: none Contributions to get the water supply facility: none Contributions to get the water supply facility: none Contributions to get the water supply facility: none What contributions, in kind and cash, did your household make to get the water supply facility? READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 405 608 1 1 1 1 Yes Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other Contributions to get the water supply facility: other READ OUT, circle "1" for all mentioned. If None", go to Q16. 6 BIFAACHUN FAAYAADMINAA BUUSII IJAARSAF GOOHAME HJJETTOOTAAF HOMAAYUU HIM BAASNE KAN LAAGATII WAARA LAGAA FIDDUU Initial water related expenses (Birr) Initial water related expenses (Birr) Initial water related expenses (Birr) Initial water related expenses (Birr) Initial water related expenses (Birr) What were the total initial water related expenses for your household, this includes connection fee, initial contribution and own expenditures for materials etc? If "Nothing" go to Q16 408 605 0.5 10000 903.782 771.137 888 Nothing 999 Don’t know When had initial water-related expenses (year) When had initial water-related expenses (year) When had initial water-related expenses (year) When had initial water-related expenses (year) When had initial water-related expenses (year) When did your household have these expenses? If "Don’t know" go to Q16 329 684 0.5 1999 1651.695 556.854 999 Don’t know Regular water related contributions: fixed monthly expenditure? Regular water related contributions: fixed monthly expenditure? Regular water related contributions: fixed monthly expenditure? Regular water related contributions: fixed monthly expenditure? Regular water related contributions: fixed monthly expenditure? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 108 905 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: metered expenditure? Regular water related contributions: metered expenditure? Regular water related contributions: metered expenditure? Regular water related contributions: metered expenditure? Regular water related contributions: metered expenditure? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 247 766 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: fee per bucket/jerrycan? Regular water related contributions: fee per bucket/jerrycan? Regular water related contributions: fee per bucket/jerrycan? Regular water related contributions: fee per bucket/jerrycan? Regular water related contributions: fee per bucket/jerrycan? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 179 834 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: purchase of bottled water? Regular water related contributions: purchase of bottled water? Regular water related contributions: purchase of bottled water? Regular water related contributions: purchase of bottled water? Regular water related contributions: purchase of bottled water? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 16 997 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: own labour for repair? Regular water related contributions: own labour for repair? Regular water related contributions: own labour for repair? Regular water related contributions: own labour for repair? Regular water related contributions: own labour for repair? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 14 999 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: expenses on materials for repair? Regular water related contributions: expenses on materials for repair? Regular water related contributions: expenses on materials for repair? Regular water related contributions: expenses on materials for repair? Regular water related contributions: expenses on materials for repair? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 91 922 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: other? Regular water related contributions: other? Regular water related contributions: other? Regular water related contributions: other? Regular water related contributions: other? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 6 1007 1 1 1 1 Yes Regular water related contributions: none? Regular water related contributions: none? Regular water related contributions: none? Regular water related contributions: none? Regular water related contributions: none? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 203 810 1 1 1 1 Yes What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? What water related contributions, in kind and cash, does your household have regularly? Circle "1" for all mentioned 2 NAMA LAGAA FIDUU IRRAABIFAACHUN QUIQULLEESSISIISUU Availability of drinking water from main source during last two weeks Availability of drinking water from main source during last two weeks Availability of drinking water from main source during last two weeks Availability of drinking water from main source during last two weeks Availability of drinking water from main source during last two weeks How frequently was the drinking water from the main source available to your household during the last two weeks? If "Daily, 24 hours a day" go to Q19 If "Daily, at certain hours" If "Three - five days a week" go to Q19 If "One - two days a week" go to Q19 If "Less frequent than once a week" go to Q19 945 68 1 5 1.946 0.907 1 Daily, 24 hours a day 2 Daily, at certain hours 3 Three - five days a week 4 One - two days a week 5 Less frequent than once a week Sysmiss First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Between what hours is drinking water from the main source available to your household? Use the second line only when applicable, i.e. if water is available in two intervals each day. 302 711 1 18 5.256 4.43 First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Between what hours is drinking water from the main source available to your household? Use the second line only when applicable, i.e. if water is available in two intervals each day. 300 713 1 12.3 5.504 2.795 Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) 122 891 1 12 7.44 3.051 Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) 122 891 1 120 11.2 10.493 Interruptions/breakdowns in drinking water supply from main source during the last Interruptions/breakdowns in drinking water supply from main source during the last Interruptions/breakdowns in drinking water supply from main source during the last Interruptions/breakdowns in drinking water supply from main source during the last Interruptions/breakdowns in drinking water supply from main source during the last Did your household experience interruptions/breakdowns in the drinking water supply from the main source during the last six months? If "No" go to Q21 If "Don’t know" go to Q21 If the source was not used the entire period due to e.g. seasonality, ask for irregular interruptions since they last started using the main source. 974 39 1 3 1.248 0.478 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don’t know Sysmiss During interruptions/breakdown, nb days drinking water not available from main source (days) During interruptions/breakdown, nb days drinking water not available from main source (days) During interruptions/breakdown, nb days drinking water not available from main source (days) During interruptions/breakdown, nb days drinking water not available from main source (days) During interruptions/breakdown, nb days drinking water not available from main source (days) During these interruptions/breakdown, how many days was drinking water not available from the main source? (days) Instruct the respondent to add up from all irregular interruptions in the period. 708 305 1 900 35.886 53.499 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 31 33 35 40 42 45 50 52 60 65 66 70 72 75 80 84 90 96 100 102 108 114 120 126 132 150 156 180 210 300 540 900 Sysmiss Has your household ever treated the water to make it safer to drink? Has your household ever treated the water to make it safer to drink? Has your household ever treated the water to make it safer to drink? Has your household ever treated the water to make it safer to drink? Has your household ever treated the water to make it safer to drink? Has your household ever treated the water to make it safer to drink? If "No" go to Q25 966 47 1 2 1.902 0.298 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss Boil water to make the water safer to drink? Boil water to make the water safer to drink? Boil water to make the water safer to drink? Boil water to make the water safer to drink? Boil water to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 43 970 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Add bleach/chlorine to make the water safer to drink? Add bleach/chlorine to make the water safer to drink? Add bleach/chlorine to make the water safer to drink? Add bleach/chlorine to make the water safer to drink? Add bleach/chlorine to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 43 970 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Sieve water through cloth to make the water safer to drink? Sieve water through cloth to make the water safer to drink? Sieve water through cloth to make the water safer to drink? Sieve water through cloth to make the water safer to drink? Sieve water through cloth to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 5 1008 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Use water filter (ceramic, sand, composite) to make the water safer to drink? Use water filter (ceramic, sand, composite) to make the water safer to drink? Use water filter (ceramic, sand, composite) to make the water safer to drink? Use water filter (ceramic, sand, composite) to make the water safer to drink? Use water filter (ceramic, sand, composite) to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 3 1010 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Let water stand and settle to make the water safer to drink? Let water stand and settle to make the water safer to drink? Let water stand and settle to make the water safer to drink? Let water stand and settle to make the water safer to drink? Let water stand and settle to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 3 1010 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Other method to make the water safer to drink? Other method to make the water safer to drink? Other method to make the water safer to drink? Other method to make the water safer to drink? Other method to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 3 1010 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Doesn't know if uses method to make the water safer to drink? Doesn't know if uses method to make the water safer to drink? Doesn't know if uses method to make the water safer to drink? Doesn't know if uses method to make the water safer to drink? Doesn't know if uses method to make the water safer to drink? What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 42 971 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Method to make water safer to drink Method to make water safer to drink Method to make water safer to drink Method to make water safer to drink Method to make water safer to drink What did your household do to make the water safer to drink? Circle "1" for all mentioned - PROBE 2 FILTRATION HAXAAWWU Last time treated water using this method Last time treated water using this method Last time treated water using this method Last time treated water using this method Last time treated water using this method When was the last time your household treated the water using this method? 105 908 1 6 3.876 1.627 1 Today 2 Yesterday 3 Less than one week ago 4 Less that one month ago 5 More than one month ago 6 Don't know Sysmiss Monthly spending on water treatment (Birr) Monthly spending on water treatment (Birr) Monthly spending on water treatment (Birr) Monthly spending on water treatment (Birr) Monthly spending on water treatment (Birr) How much does your household approximately spend on the water treatment per month? (Birr per month) 127 886 3 999 885.898 184.353 Has water storage container for drinking water Has water storage container for drinking water Has water storage container for drinking water Has water storage container for drinking water Has water storage container for drinking water Does your household have a water storage container for drinking water? If "No" go to Q31 This includes the container used for transporting if it is also used for storage 989 24 1 2 1.656 0.475 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss See household's drinking water storage container? See household's drinking water storage container? See household's drinking water storage container? See household's drinking water storage container? See household's drinking water storage container? I would very much like to see your household's drinking water storage container - would you kindly show it to me? 315 698 1 2 1.048 0.213 1 Yes 2 No (refused) Sysmiss How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How does your household remove water from your drinking water storage container? 351 662 1 7 3.048 1.806 1 Tap 2 Cup/dipper/ladle/scoop 3 With hands 4 With bottle 5 Pitcher 6 Pour from the container 7 Other (write down) Sysmiss How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How remove water from drinking water storage container? How does your household remove water from your drinking water storage container? Cup/dipper/ladle kept clean, off the floor and out of reach of children Cup/dipper/ladle kept clean, off the floor and out of reach of children Cup/dipper/ladle kept clean, off the floor and out of reach of children Cup/dipper/ladle kept clean, off the floor and out of reach of children Cup/dipper/ladle kept clean, off the floor and out of reach of children Observation about storage: Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the container, go to next question. 322 691 1 9 1.438 0.826 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Drinking water storage container covered? Drinking water storage container covered? Drinking water storage container covered? Drinking water storage container covered? Drinking water storage container covered? Observation about storage: Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the container, go to next question. 325 688 1 9 1.468 0.784 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Drinking water storage container have narrow-neck? Drinking water storage container have narrow-neck? Drinking water storage container have narrow-neck? Drinking water storage container have narrow-neck? Drinking water storage container have narrow-neck? Observation about storage: Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the container, go to next question. 326 687 1 9 1.583 0.775 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Drinking water storage container looks clean? Drinking water storage container looks clean? Drinking water storage container looks clean? Drinking water storage container looks clean? Drinking water storage container looks clean? Observation about storage: Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the container, go to next question. 323 690 1 9 1.601 1.062 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Household expenditures for drinking water storage container (Birr) Household expenditures for drinking water storage container (Birr) Household expenditures for drinking water storage container (Birr) Household expenditures for drinking water storage container (Birr) Household expenditures for drinking water storage container (Birr) What were the household's expenses for the drinking water storage container? (Birr) 267 746 1 2000 116.476 207.534 How often usually clean drinking water storage container? How often usually clean drinking water storage container? How often usually clean drinking water storage container? How often usually clean drinking water storage container? How often usually clean drinking water storage container? How often does your household usually clean the drinking water storage container? 328 685 1 6 1.323 0.658 1 Daily 2 Several times per week 3 Once a week 4 Once a month 5 Once every half year 6 Less often than half yearly 7 Don’t know Clarity (no sediments in the water) Clarity (no sediments in the water) Clarity (no sediments in the water) Clarity (no sediments in the water) Clarity (no sediments in the water) How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 1003 10 1 9 1.978 1.011 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 994 19 1 9 1.975 0.977 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Smell Smell Smell Smell Smell How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 984 29 1 9 1.952 1.056 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 975 38 1 9 1.984 1.06 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Healthiness Healthiness Healthiness Healthiness Healthiness How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 965 48 1 9 2 1.08 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Stability of service Stability of service Stability of service Stability of service Stability of service How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 967 46 1 9 2.164 1.071 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Convenience (time, distance, waiting) Convenience (time, distance, waiting) Convenience (time, distance, waiting) Convenience (time, distance, waiting) Convenience (time, distance, waiting) How would you rate the quality of your drinking water service now (coming from the primary source) on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 975 38 1 9 2.167 1.094 1 Good 2 Acceptable 3 Poor 4 Don’t know / not applicable 9 Sysmiss Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? Are there some months where your household cannot use the main source of drinking water? If "No" go to Q38 784 229 1 2 1.677 0.468 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss Cannot use the main source of drinking water in January? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in January? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in January? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in January? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in January? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 185 828 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in February? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in February? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in February? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in February? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in February? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 189 824 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in March? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in March? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in March? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in March? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in March? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 243 770 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in April? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in April? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in April? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in April? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in April? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 236 777 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in May? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in May? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in May? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in May? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in May? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 234 779 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in June? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in June? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in June? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in June? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in June? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 68 945 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in July? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in July? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in July? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in July? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in July? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 68 945 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in August? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in August? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in August? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in August? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in August? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 37 976 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in September? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in September? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in September? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in September? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in September? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 11 1002 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in October? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in October? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in October? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in October? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in October? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 15 998 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in November? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in November? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in November? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in November? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in November? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 15 998 1 1 1 1 Yes Cannot use the main source of drinking water in December? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in December? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in December? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in December? Cannot use the main source of drinking water in December? Which months? Circle "1" for all mentioned 32 981 1 1 1 1 Yes Main source of drinking water during months mentioned above? Main source of drinking water during months mentioned above? Main source of drinking water during months mentioned above? Main source of drinking water during months mentioned above? Main source of drinking water during months mentioned above? What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household during months mentioned above? If the household is using piped water (into dwelling/yard) only, GO TO Q36 444 569 1 15 10.232 4.204 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Sysmiss What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household during months mentioned above? What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household during months mentioned above? What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household during months mentioned above? What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household during months mentioned above? What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household during months mentioned above? If the household is using piped water (into dwelling/yard) only, GO TO Q36 26 BITTAA BITTAADHLAAN BYING CARRAA IRAAHIRO ABNN EEQQADHEE WORAOBA EGANNEETUMA FAYYADAMNA ESSAAYUU HIN ORGANUU FILMATA HIM QABAN HOMAYAA HIM FAYADAMMI IDDOO HOJJOOTII LAQAA, ADAAMAN DHAHI WARADNA MOOGALA RANBIQOOIQQAA NAAQIITIIQQGG BINNAA NAAZGIITII QQAA BINNAA NO OTHER ALTERNATIVE OLKEENYEETU FAYYADANN PURCHASE FORM NAZERAT PURCHASE FROM OTHERS QARA TAGA BIRAA GARBII QARSHIIDHAN BINNA During those months, time spent on fetching water (in minutes)? During those months, time spent on fetching water (in minutes)? During those months, time spent on fetching water (in minutes)? During those months, time spent on fetching water (in minutes)? During those months, time spent on fetching water (in minutes)? During those months, how long does it take to go there, get water and come back? (minutes) Instruct respondent to exclude time used to other household errands. Make sure that the answer is for one roundtrip only. 424 589 0.1 999 115.545 288.852 During this period, frequency of water fetching During this period, frequency of water fetching During this period, frequency of water fetching During this period, frequency of water fetching During this period, frequency of water fetching During this period, how frequently is the water you fetch from that source available to your household? If "Daily, 24 hours a day" go to Q38 If "Three - five days a week" go to Q3 If "One - two days a week" go to Q38 If "Less frequent than once a week" go to Q38 391 622 1 5 1.721 0.795 1 Daily, 24 hours a day 2 Daily, at certain hours 3 Three - five days a week 4 One - two days a week 5 Less frequent than once a week First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Between what hours is water from that source available to your household? 63 950 1 12 4.079 4.559 First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) First interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Between what hours is water from that source available to your household? Use the second line only when applicable, i.e. if water is available in two intervals each day 64 949 1 12 4.781 2.446 Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: From what time (0-24.00 hours) Between what hours is water from that source available to your household? Use the second line only when applicable, i.e. if water is available in two intervals each day 48 965 2 12 8.417 2.152 Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Second interval: To what time (0-24.00 hours) Between what hours is water from that source available to your household? Use the second line only when applicable, i.e. if water is available in two intervals each day 47 966 1 12 10.383 3.138 Would you kindly show me how your household disposes of used water? Would you kindly show me how your household disposes of used water? Would you kindly show me how your household disposes of used water? Would you kindly show me how your household disposes of used water? Would you kindly show me how your household disposes of used water? Now I have a number of questions regarding your households used water, i.e. used water from washing, bathing and in the kitchen. Would you kindly show me how your household disposes of used water? 807 206 1 2 1.079 0.27 1 Yes 2 No (refusal) Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: piped sewer? Points of discharge of household's used water: piped sewer? Points of discharge of household's used water: piped sewer? Points of discharge of household's used water: piped sewer? Points of discharge of household's used water: piped sewer? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 31 982 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: soak-away/cesspit/septic system? Points of discharge of household's used water: soak-away/cesspit/septic system? Points of discharge of household's used water: soak-away/cesspit/septic system? Points of discharge of household's used water: soak-away/cesspit/septic system? Points of discharge of household's used water: soak-away/cesspit/septic system? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 30 983 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: sanitation facility? Points of discharge of household's used water: sanitation facility? Points of discharge of household's used water: sanitation facility? Points of discharge of household's used water: sanitation facility? Points of discharge of household's used water: sanitation facility? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 4 1009 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: open channel? Points of discharge of household's used water: open channel? Points of discharge of household's used water: open channel? Points of discharge of household's used water: open channel? Points of discharge of household's used water: open channel? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 89 924 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: street surface? Points of discharge of household's used water: street surface? Points of discharge of household's used water: street surface? Points of discharge of household's used water: street surface? Points of discharge of household's used water: street surface? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 397 616 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: space outside premises? Points of discharge of household's used water: space outside premises? Points of discharge of household's used water: space outside premises? Points of discharge of household's used water: space outside premises? Points of discharge of household's used water: space outside premises? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 378 635 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: water body (lake, river, etc)? Points of discharge of household's used water: water body (lake, river, etc)? Points of discharge of household's used water: water body (lake, river, etc)? Points of discharge of household's used water: water body (lake, river, etc)? Points of discharge of household's used water: water body (lake, river, etc)? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 8 1005 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: premises's yard or garden? Points of discharge of household's used water: premises's yard or garden? Points of discharge of household's used water: premises's yard or garden? Points of discharge of household's used water: premises's yard or garden? Points of discharge of household's used water: premises's yard or garden? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 251 762 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: other? Points of discharge of household's used water: other? Points of discharge of household's used water: other? Points of discharge of household's used water: other? Points of discharge of household's used water: other? Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 12 1001 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Points of discharge of household's used water: other Points of discharge of household's used water: other Points of discharge of household's used water: other Points of discharge of household's used water: other Points of discharge of household's used water: other Observation: What are the points of discharge of household's used water? Circle for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. ASK the question if respondent refused to show the used water disposal system. If only piped sewer (1), soak-away/cesspit/septic system (2) or sanitation facility (3), go to Q41 6 ABABOO IRRATII BOLAAT KUSU BOLLA DWBAATTI QADINAQNA BOLLA KEESAATTI DHANGALAA BOOLLA QONNEE ITTI NAQNA GORDIIT Observations about points of discharge of used water: stagnant water pool Observations about points of discharge of used water: stagnant water pool Observations about points of discharge of used water: stagnant water pool Observations about points of discharge of used water: stagnant water pool Observations about points of discharge of used water: stagnant water pool Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 148 865 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: swampy area Observations about points of discharge of used water: swampy area Observations about points of discharge of used water: swampy area Observations about points of discharge of used water: swampy area Observations about points of discharge of used water: swampy area Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 253 760 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: mostquitoes/insects breeding Observations about points of discharge of used water: mostquitoes/insects breeding Observations about points of discharge of used water: mostquitoes/insects breeding Observations about points of discharge of used water: mostquitoes/insects breeding Observations about points of discharge of used water: mostquitoes/insects breeding Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 238 775 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: bad smells Observations about points of discharge of used water: bad smells Observations about points of discharge of used water: bad smells Observations about points of discharge of used water: bad smells Observations about points of discharge of used water: bad smells Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 319 694 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: signs of residues (soap, green slime) Observations about points of discharge of used water: signs of residues (soap, green slime) Observations about points of discharge of used water: signs of residues (soap, green slime) Observations about points of discharge of used water: signs of residues (soap, green slime) Observations about points of discharge of used water: signs of residues (soap, green slime) Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 236 777 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: other Observations about points of discharge of used water: other Observations about points of discharge of used water: other Observations about points of discharge of used water: other Observations about points of discharge of used water: other Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 58 955 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: none Observations about points of discharge of used water: none Observations about points of discharge of used water: none Observations about points of discharge of used water: none Observations about points of discharge of used water: none Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 251 762 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about points of discharge of used water: other specified Observations about points of discharge of used water: other specified Observations about points of discharge of used water: other specified Observations about points of discharge of used water: other specified Observations about points of discharge of used water: other specified Observations about points of discharge of used water Circle "1" for the descriptions you observe without reading out loud. If respondent refused to show the used water disposal system, go to next question. 48 ABAABOO KEESSATII ABABOO IRRATII ATAKILTII IRRAATI BAAYEE GAARIIDHE DAAANDII IRRATTI DAANDIRATI DHANGALASSU DANDIRRATTI DHAHGALA DANDIRRATTI DHANGALA DHOQEE QABA DIRREE MOORA KEESSATE GOODARAATTI INSIDE THE FLOWER LAAFARATII DHANGALAA LAFAA IRRATI DHANGALASUUE LAGATII LAGTTI LATARATII NAAQMAA MOORA ALATI MOORA KEESATI MOORAA ALAA MOORAA KESSATII MOORAA KESSATTI DHANGALASSKU QUUQUUUUDHA WALAKEESSA YAAA See how wash their hands See how wash their hands See how wash their hands See how wash their hands See how wash their hands I would very much like to see how the members of your household wash their hands - would you kindly show it to me? If "No (refused)" go to Q43 960 53 1 2 1.127 0.333 1 Yes 2 No (refusal) Sysmiss Observations about hand washing: soap Observations about hand washing: soap Observations about hand washing: soap Observations about hand washing: soap Observations about hand washing: soap Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. 721 292 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about hand washing: water for hand washing (tap, storage, etc) Observations about hand washing: water for hand washing (tap, storage, etc) Observations about hand washing: water for hand washing (tap, storage, etc) Observations about hand washing: water for hand washing (tap, storage, etc) Observations about hand washing: water for hand washing (tap, storage, etc) Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. 135 878 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about hand washing: facility (basin, bucket, sink, etc) Observations about hand washing: facility (basin, bucket, sink, etc) Observations about hand washing: facility (basin, bucket, sink, etc) Observations about hand washing: facility (basin, bucket, sink, etc) Observations about hand washing: facility (basin, bucket, sink, etc) Circle "1" for the facilities that you observe without reading out loud. 163 850 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Use soap or other (ash, sand, etc) for hand washing Use soap or other (ash, sand, etc) for hand washing Use soap or other (ash, sand, etc) for hand washing Use soap or other (ash, sand, etc) for hand washing Use soap or other (ash, sand, etc) for hand washing Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing in your household? If "No" go to Q47 944 69 1 5 1.448 1.259 1 Yes, soap 2 Yes, ash 3 Yes, sand 4 Yes, other (write down) 5 No Sysmiss Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing, such as ash or sand, in your household? Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing, such as ash or sand, in your household? Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing, such as ash or sand, in your household? Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing, such as ash or sand, in your household? Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing, such as ash or sand, in your household? Do you have soap or something else that you use for hand washing in your household? Can show the soap to interviewer? Can show the soap to interviewer? Can show the soap to interviewer? Can show the soap to interviewer? Can show the soap to interviewer? Can you please show the soap to me? If you see the soap, note the answer without asking the question. 823 190 1 2 1.04 0.196 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss Has used soap today or yesterday? Has used soap today or yesterday? Has used soap today or yesterday? Has used soap today or yesterday? Has used soap today or yesterday? Have you used soap today or yesterday? If "No" go to Q47 832 181 1 2 1.106 0.308 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing clothes Used soap today or yesterday for washing clothes Used soap today or yesterday for washing clothes Used soap today or yesterday for washing clothes Used soap today or yesterday for washing clothes When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 654 359 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing body Used soap today or yesterday for washing body Used soap today or yesterday for washing body Used soap today or yesterday for washing body Used soap today or yesterday for washing body When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 583 430 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's bottom Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's bottom Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's bottom Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's bottom Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's bottom When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 502 511 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's hands Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's hands Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's hands Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's hands Used soap today or yesterday for washing child's hands When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 459 554 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after defecating Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after defecating Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after defecating Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after defecating Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after defecating When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 438 575 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after washing child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after washing child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after washing child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after washing child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands after washing child When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 283 730 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before feeding child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before feeding child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before feeding child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before feeding child Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before feeding child When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 245 768 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before preparing food Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before preparing food Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before preparing food Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before preparing food Used soap today or yesterday for washing hands before preparing food When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 260 753 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday before eating Used soap today or yesterday before eating Used soap today or yesterday before eating Used soap today or yesterday before eating Used soap today or yesterday before eating When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 216 797 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday before going out Used soap today or yesterday before going out Used soap today or yesterday before going out Used soap today or yesterday before going out Used soap today or yesterday before going out When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 171 842 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday before receiving visitors Used soap today or yesterday before receiving visitors Used soap today or yesterday before receiving visitors Used soap today or yesterday before receiving visitors Used soap today or yesterday before receiving visitors When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 88 925 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Used soap today or yesterday for other reason Used soap today or yesterday for other reason Used soap today or yesterday for other reason Used soap today or yesterday for other reason Used soap today or yesterday for other reason When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 33 980 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Purpose for using soap today or yesterday Purpose for using soap today or yesterday Purpose for using soap today or yesterday Purpose for using soap today or yesterday Purpose for using soap today or yesterday When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? Circle '1' for all mentioned - DO NOT READ OUT the answer. If "washing my hands" is mentioned, probe what was the occasion without reading out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 18 FUULA DHIQACHAAF FUULAA DHIQACHILUF FUULE DHIQRCHUUF HARKAF KURAAE DHIQADN KAASSUMAAF LAKKI OMAATUU OODAA DHIQUUTO QADAAMILCEU QADEF AMICCUU QODAA DHIQUU QODAA MIICCUF QODAA MIICCUUF QOODAA MIICCUUT SALAATALII SALAATUUFI THEY DON'T USE Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before eating When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 897 116 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Think is it important for a young child to wash hands after eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands after eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands after eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands after eating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands after eating When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 870 143 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before defecating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before defecating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before defecating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before defecating Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before defecating When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 659 354 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before going out Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before going out Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before going out Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before going out Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before going out When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 164 849 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before receiving visitors Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before receiving visitors Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before receiving visitors Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before receiving visitors Think is it important for a young child to wash hands before receiving visitors When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 85 928 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Think is it important for a young child to wash hands at other occasion Think is it important for a young child to wash hands at other occasion Think is it important for a young child to wash hands at other occasion Think is it important for a young child to wash hands at other occasion Think is it important for a young child to wash hands at other occasion When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 30 983 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Doesn't know when is it important for a young child to wash hands Doesn't know when is it important for a young child to wash hands Doesn't know when is it important for a young child to wash hands Doesn't know when is it important for a young child to wash hands Doesn't know when is it important for a young child to wash hands When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 43 970 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Other occasion when it is important for a young child to wash hands Other occasion when it is important for a young child to wash hands Other occasion when it is important for a young child to wash hands Other occasion when it is important for a young child to wash hands Other occasion when it is important for a young child to wash hands When do you think is it important for a young child (4 years or older) to wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? Circle '1' for all mentioned - do NOT read out the answers. Encourage by asking anything else after a reply. 25 EARLY WHEN THEY WAKE UP GANAMA GANAMA FI GALGROLA GUYYAA GYYYAA GUYYAAN IJOOLEEN HIN JIITR OFUMART DHIQUTU OFUMOOF DNIQATOO OQQAA IRRIIBAA KII QANMAA FI QALALA SALAATA SALAATA DURA SIISUUFI YEROO DHRQN ALHIGNUUF YEROO HUNDA YEROO HURDA YEROO YEROON YERRO HUNDA Are there small children living in the household (4 years old or younger)? Are there small children living in the household (4 years old or younger)? Are there small children living in the household (4 years old or younger)? Are there small children living in the household (4 years old or younger)? Are there small children living in the household (4 years old or younger)? Are there small children living in the household (4 years old or younger)? If "No" go to Q51 889 124 1 2 1.588 0.492 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? Do not read out. 429 584 1 8 2.977 1.725 1 Used the sanitation facility 2 Used potty 3 Used diapers 4 Went in yard 5 Went outside the premises 6 Went in her/his clothes 7 Other (please write down) 8 Don’t know Sysmiss The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where did she/he defecate? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? Do not read out. 404 609 1 12 3.752 3.567 1 Dropped into toilet facility 2 Washed away into toilet facility 3 Washed away into sink or tub 4 Washed away, water discharged as grey water 5 Washed away, water discharged outside 6 Disposed into solid waste/garbage 7 Disposed in the yard 8 Disposed outside premises 9 Buried 10 Did nothing/left it there 11 Other (please write down) 12 Don’t know Sysmiss The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? The last time [name of youngest child] passed stools, where were the faeces disposed of? Do not read out. 5 BAKKUMAFEETTI DOFQALATTI QATAME MANA FINCCAANITTI MANA FINCOANIITI FINCCOOFITE MOORAALATI FAAYYADAMITTAA What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? Now I will ask you a number of questions regarding your household's toilet facilities What kind of toilet does your household use? If "Open air/bush/field" go to Q61 982 31 1 11 6.787 2.175 1 Flush to piped sewer system 2 Flush to septic tank 3 Flush/pour flush to pit 4 Flush/pour flush to elsewhere 5 Composting toilet 6 VIP/pit latrine with slab 7 Pit latrine without slab/open pit 8 Bucket 9 Hanging toilet 10 Open air/bush/field 11 Other (please write down) Sysmiss What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? What kind of toilet does your household use? 15 GOODATIS NIGRAMINA HIN QABU HOLLAATTI FAR YADAMNA KANA MOOTUMMAAN HOJJETE MANI FINCANN HIN JIRU NO LATINE NOT AT ALL OPEN FIELD OPEN PLACE OPEN SPACE THERE IS NO TIOLET Toilet seen by interviewer? Toilet seen by interviewer? Toilet seen by interviewer? Toilet seen by interviewer? Toilet seen by interviewer? I would very much like to see your toilet - would you kindly show it to me? 801 212 1 2 1.109 0.311 1 Yes 2 No (refused) Sysmiss Type of toilet Type of toilet Type of toilet Type of toilet Type of toilet Is the toilet private (one household), shared (more than one household) or public? 786 227 1 3 1.183 0.451 1 Private (one household) 2 Shared (more than one household) 3 Public Sysmiss Time to the toilet (minutes) Time to the toilet (minutes) Time to the toilet (minutes) Time to the toilet (minutes) Time to the toilet (minutes) Observation: How long time does it take to go to the toilet? (minutes) If the respondent refused to show you the facility, ASK the question! 714 299 0.1 999 55.656 223.201 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.45 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 30 40 888 Toilet facilities on premises 999 Don’t know Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: path is clear Observation about access to toilet: path is clear Observation about access to toilet: path is clear Observation about access to toilet: path is clear Observation about access to toilet: path is clear Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 375 638 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: dense vegetation in front of toilet Observation about access to toilet: dense vegetation in front of toilet Observation about access to toilet: dense vegetation in front of toilet Observation about access to toilet: dense vegetation in front of toilet Observation about access to toilet: dense vegetation in front of toilet Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 225 788 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: waste or debris on path Observation about access to toilet: waste or debris on path Observation about access to toilet: waste or debris on path Observation about access to toilet: waste or debris on path Observation about access to toilet: waste or debris on path Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 262 751 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: major crevices or potholes on path Observation about access to toilet: major crevices or potholes on path Observation about access to toilet: major crevices or potholes on path Observation about access to toilet: major crevices or potholes on path Observation about access to toilet: major crevices or potholes on path Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 140 873 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: mud on path Observation about access to toilet: mud on path Observation about access to toilet: mud on path Observation about access to toilet: mud on path Observation about access to toilet: mud on path Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 165 848 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: entrance obstructed Observation about access to toilet: entrance obstructed Observation about access to toilet: entrance obstructed Observation about access to toilet: entrance obstructed Observation about access to toilet: entrance obstructed Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 151 862 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: other observation Observation about access to toilet: other observation Observation about access to toilet: other observation Observation about access to toilet: other observation Observation about access to toilet: other observation Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 22 991 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: none Observation about access to toilet: none Observation about access to toilet: none Observation about access to toilet: none Observation about access to toilet: none Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 117 896 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observation about access to toilet: other specified Observation about access to toilet: other specified Observation about access to toilet: other specified Observation about access to toilet: other specified Observation about access to toilet: other specified Observation about access to toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 12 BAAYEE BADAA DHA BAAYEE QUEQULLUDHE BAAYYEE YARAA DHA IT HAS NO WAL KANYEROO DHAA HOJJETAMEDHA KARAAN HIPHOOAA KEES ISAA JIGEERA MANA HIN QABU MANA HINQABU MANA KESSATTI MIM KUUFAMLE MUFNI IRRA JIRA SIRRITTI KAN IJIARAME MITI Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues around drop hole or basin Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues around drop hole or basin Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues around drop hole or basin Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues around drop hole or basin Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues around drop hole or basin Observations about toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 361 652 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues on wall, door, floor Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues on wall, door, floor Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues on wall, door, floor Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues on wall, door, floor Observations about toilet: visible faecal residues on wall, door, floor Observations about toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 259 754 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about toilet: visible anal cleansing material (e.g. toilet paper) Observations about toilet: visible anal cleansing material (e.g. toilet paper) Observations about toilet: visible anal cleansing material (e.g. toilet paper) Observations about toilet: visible anal cleansing material (e.g. toilet paper) Observations about toilet: visible anal cleansing material (e.g. toilet paper) Observations about toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 357 656 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about toilet: surface flow of sewage Observations about toilet: surface flow of sewage Observations about toilet: surface flow of sewage Observations about toilet: surface flow of sewage Observations about toilet: surface flow of sewage Observations about toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 205 808 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Observations about toilet: bad smell Observations about toilet: bad smell Observations about toilet: bad smell Observations about toilet: bad smell Observations about toilet: bad smell Observations about toilet Circle "1" for all observations. If the respondent refused to show you the facility, go to next question! 160 853 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Toilet maintenance needed: empty pit Toilet maintenance needed: empty pit Toilet maintenance needed: empty pit Toilet maintenance needed: empty pit Toilet maintenance needed: empty pit What kind of maintenance is needed for the household's toilet? Circle "1" for all mentioned, do NOT read out. 57 956 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Toilet maintenance needed: empty septic tank (desluge) Toilet maintenance needed: empty septic tank (desluge) Toilet maintenance needed: empty septic tank (desluge) Toilet maintenance needed: empty septic tank (desluge) Toilet maintenance needed: empty septic tank (desluge) What kind of maintenance is needed for the household's toilet? Circle "1" for all mentioned, do NOT read out. 100 913 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Toilet maintenance needed: dig new hole (pit full) Toilet maintenance needed: dig new hole (pit full) Toilet maintenance needed: dig new hole (pit full) Toilet maintenance needed: dig new hole (pit full) Toilet maintenance needed: dig new hole (pit full) What kind of maintenance is needed for the household's toilet? Circle "1" for all mentioned, do NOT read out. 358 655 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Toilet maintenance needed: cleaning Toilet maintenance needed: cleaning Toilet maintenance needed: cleaning Toilet maintenance needed: cleaning Toilet maintenance needed: cleaning What kind of maintenance is needed for the household's toilet? Circle "1" for all mentioned, do NOT read out. 384 629 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Toilet maintenance needed: other Toilet maintenance needed: other Toilet maintenance needed: other Toilet maintenance needed: other Toilet maintenance needed: other What kind of maintenance is needed for the household's toilet? Circle "1" for all mentioned, do NOT read out. 97 916 1 1 1 1 Yes Sysmiss Toilet maintenance needed: other specified Toilet maintenance needed: other specified Toilet maintenance needed: other specified Toilet maintenance needed: other specified Toilet maintenance needed: other specified What kind of maintenance is needed for the household's toilet? Circle "1" for all mentioned, do NOT read out. 73 BAAXII BAAXII HOJJECHA BAAXII IRRATTI IJAARAH BAAXII IRRATTI JAARUU BARBAACHIC BAKKEETT FAYYA DAMU BALBALA ITII IISAARUU CACCABEE QAISHISH SUPHU HAARAA DHA HAARAADHA HAAROMUU GABA HAARONSM HAMAA BARBAACHISSA HIIMBARBAACHISH HIM SUPHANI HIN BARBAACHISH HIN HAARAMU HINBARBAACHISA HINBARBAACHISH HOMAA HOMAA BARBAACHISH HOMAA HIM BARAACHISH HOMAA HIM BARBAACHISH HOMAA HIM BARBAACHISHH HOMAA HIN BARBANDA IJAARSAA ISAA MARAA LAKKOON YEROODHAAF HIN JIRA MANA FINAANII HIN QABON MANA HIH QABU MANA HIN QABU MANA IFFAARUU MANA IJJAARUU MANA IRRATTI HOJJECHNN MANA IRRATTI IAARNU BARBAACHISA MANA IRRATTI IFAARUU MANA IRRATTI IJAARM MANA IRRATTI JJAARHH MANA ISAA IJAARUU MANA ITLI IJJAARUU MANA ITTI IJJAARUU MANA NARU MANA SIRRITTI IFFAARUU MANAITTI IJJAARUU MANAS ITTI IJJAARUU NO REPAIR NOT AT ALL QNNTUMAA QUUTATTI IJARMU BARBACHA QUUTUMMATTI HAAROFAMN QABA SINCE IT'S OPEN NO NEED TO CHOICE YEROO HUNDAA QOFORUU Annual spending for repair and cleaning of toilet (Birr) Annual spending for repair and cleaning of toilet (Birr) Annual spending for repair and cleaning of toilet (Birr) Annual spending for repair and cleaning of toilet (Birr) Annual spending for repair and cleaning of toilet (Birr) How much does your household approximately spend per year for repair and cleaning of the toilet? (Birr) Ask for an average figure (if maintenance is every second year, write down half the cost) 622 391 1 5000 767.068 420.024 888 Work performed by household members only 999 Don’t know Total expenses for building the toilet (Birr) Total expenses for building the toilet (Birr) Total expenses for building the toilet (Birr) Total expenses for building the toilet (Birr) Total expenses for building the toilet (Birr) What were the household's total expenses for building the toilet, including hired labour, materials etc.? 754 259 5 10000 777.979 855.613 Effective operation (no leakage, no overflow, no blockage) Effective operation (no leakage, no overflow, no blockage) Effective operation (no leakage, no overflow, no blockage) Effective operation (no leakage, no overflow, no blockage) Effective operation (no leakage, no overflow, no blockage) How would you rate the quality of the toilet you use on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 798 215 1 9 2.361 1.345 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience How would you rate the quality of the toilet you use on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 791 222 1 9 2.455 1.331 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Cleanliness Cleanliness Cleanliness Cleanliness Cleanliness How would you rate the quality of the toilet you use on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 794 219 1 9 2.491 1.326 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Smell Smell Smell Smell Smell How would you rate the quality of the toilet you use on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 790 223 1 9 2.518 1.374 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Distance to toilet Distance to toilet Distance to toilet Distance to toilet Distance to toilet How would you rate the quality of the toilet you use on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 784 229 1 9 2.191 1.428 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Ease of repair Ease of repair Ease of repair Ease of repair Ease of repair How would you rate the quality of the toilet you use on a scale from 1 = good to 3 = poor. 780 233 1 9 2.238 1.508 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable 9 Sysmiss Nb members aged 15 years and over Nb members aged 15 years and over Nb members aged 15 years and over Nb members aged 15 years and over Nb members aged 15 years and over Finally, I will now ask you some more personal questions about you and your household. The answers to these questions are confidential. How many adults (aged 15 years and above) live in this household permanently including you? 917 96 1 34 3.792 2.793 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 20 34 Sysmiss Nb members aged 5-14 years Nb members aged 5-14 years Nb members aged 5-14 years Nb members aged 5-14 years Nb members aged 5-14 years How many children (aged 5-14 years) live in this household? 692 321 1 56 2.24 2.399 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 56 Sysmiss Nb members aged 0-4 years Nb members aged 0-4 years Nb members aged 0-4 years Nb members aged 0-4 years Nb members aged 0-4 years How many infants (aged 0-4 years) live in this household? 440 573 1 4 1.334 0.564 1 2 3 4 Sysmiss Main contributor to the household's income Main contributor to the household's income Main contributor to the household's income Main contributor to the household's income Main contributor to the household's income Who in the household contributes most to the household's income? 890 What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? 998 15 1 13 5.884 3.578 1 Unemployed 2 Employer 3 Regular skilled employee/professional 4 Regular unskilled employee 5 Casual skilled employee 6 Casual unskilled employ 7 Farmer 8 Self-employed, small business/home production 9 Unpaid family worker 10 Student/apprentice 11 Pensioner 12 Sick/handicapped 13 Other (write in) Sysmiss What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? What has been [name]'s main employment during the last 7 days? 56 BIYYAA ALAA JIRAATA DADALA DALADAL DALALAL DALALALA DALDA MATA DALDAA DALDALA DALDALA MATAA DALDALAA DALDALAA KOISAA DALDALAMATAT DALDALE DALOLALO DOLAALA DOLDALA DOLOLALA HAADHA MAMAA HAADHA MANA HAADHA MANAA HAADHA MANAATTI HAADHAA HADHA MANAA HIJEE MAKAISAA HIJII MATAAJSAA HIJIR MARANISAA HOJETA WALDAA HOJII HIN QABU HOJII MATAA XIQAA HOJII MATAAIJAA HOJIIHIN QABLL HOJIII HIM GABU HORRI HIM OF ABUU HUJII HIN FABU KANMATAA IJAA LALLABAA WANGELAA MANA KIRAAYII MATAAN KOM OMAA OFECHAAHI QABSAA SALDALAA SALDOLAA SELEF SHEEP SHUFEERA SOORUUMMAA UFII UF BULDU WARQII GOFA WARQII GOTA Highest educational level completed by [name] Highest educational level completed by [name] Highest educational level completed by [name] Highest educational level completed by [name] Highest educational level completed by [name] What is the highest educational level completed by [name]? 1001 12 1 9 3.669 1.892 1 None 2 Self-contained (grade 1-4) 3 First cycle (grade 5-8) 4 Second cycle (grade 9-10) 5 Preparatory (grade 11-12) 6 College 7 University 8 Technical/vocational 9 Don’t know Sysmiss Average total monthly income of the household Average total monthly income of the household Average total monthly income of the household Average total monthly income of the household Average total monthly income of the household What is the average total monthly income of the household? This includes income earned by all members of the household and all sources (income from employment, own production, received from other family members etc.) Ask respondent to indicate the income bracket. 983 30 1 9 3.187 2.666 1 Below 50 Birr per month 2 51-100 Birr per month 3 101-200 Birr per month 4 201-500 Birr per month 5 501-1000 Birr per month 6 1001-2000 Birr per month 7 Over 2,000 Birr per month 8 Don’t know 9 Refused to answer Sysmiss Age Age Age Age Age How old are you? 992 21 1 7 2.955 1.613 1 18-25 years 2 26-35 years 3 36-45 years 4 46-55 years 5 56-60 years 6 61 or older 7 Don’t know/refused Sysmiss Head of household? Head of household? Head of household? Head of household? Head of household? Are you head of household? If "Yes" go to Q71 981 32 1 3 1.587 0.891 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know Sysmiss Relationship to the head of household Relationship to the head of household Relationship to the head of household Relationship to the head of household Relationship to the head of household What is your relationship to the head of household? 478 535 1 9 4.094 2.721 1 Wife 2 Mother 3 Grandmother 4 Daughter (in law) 5 Other (write down) 6 Husband 7 Father 8 Grandfather 9 Son (in law) Sysmiss Relationship to the head of household (other specified) Relationship to the head of household (other specified) Relationship to the head of household (other specified) Relationship to the head of household (other specified) Relationship to the head of household (other specified) What is your relationship to the head of household? Gender Gender Gender Gender Gender Gender 958 55 1 2 1.684 0.465 1 Male 2 Female Sysmiss Faecal matter in household surroundings Faecal matter in household surroundings Faecal matter in household surroundings Faecal matter in household surroundings Faecal matter in household surroundings Observations about household surroundings: Is faecal matter deposited in the household surroundings (children's/animals faeces)? Thank you for your help in this research. I confirm that this interview is completely confidential. Do not read out. 970 43 1 9 1.739 0.622 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don't know 4 Not applicable End time of interview End time of interview End time of interview End time of interview End time of interview 792 221 100 11000 701.326 781.925 Household identification number Household identification number Household identification number Household identification number Household identification number 1013 1 1 1 Population Population Population Population Population 1013 2864 43975 21385.034 13299.254 Household ID number Household ID number Household ID number Household ID number Household ID number 1013 1 1013 507 292.572 Household ID Household ID Household ID Household ID Household ID 134 170 978 484.746 289.428 Respondent name Respondent name Respondent name Respondent name Respondent name 134 Back-checker name Back-checker name Back-checker name Back-checker name Back-checker name 134 BEMBIHIRETU BOOKAA BEMIHIRETU BOOBAA BEMIHIRETU BOOKAA GIRMA GIRMA LEGESSE GIRMMA TADDASSE DIBRIBA TADDESSA DIRIBA TADDESSE BIRIBA TADDESSE DIBRIBA TADDESSE DIRIBA TADESSE DIRIBA Town Town Town Town Town 134 GEDO GEDOO GEEDOO H/MAARAM H/MAARIA H/MARIAM MEKII MEQI YAABELLO YABELLOO Enumeration map Enumeration map Enumeration map Enumeration map Enumeration map 72 62 3 921 316.083 237.793 Household number Household number Household number Household number Household number 134 G111,46 G111,48 G111,49 G111,51 G111,52 G112 52 G112 53 G112 55 G112 56 G112 57 G112 58 G112 59 G112 60 G112 61 G113 43 G113 44 G113 45 G113 46 G113 47 G113 48 G113 50 G113 51 G114 23 G114 24 G114 25 G114 26 G114 27 G114 28 G114 29 G114 30 G114 31 G21,1 G21,2 G21,3 G21,4 G21,5 G21,6 G21,7 G21,9 G2121 G2122 G2123 G2124 G2125 G2126 G2131 G2132 G2133 G2134 G2136 G214,1 G214,2 G214,3 G214,4 G214,5 G214,6 G214,7 G214,8 G214,9 G218 G31,42 G31,43 G31,44 G31,45 G31,46 G31,47 G31,49 G31,50 G31-52 G31-53 G31-55 G31-56 G31-57 G31-58 G31-59 G31-60 G312- 42 G312- 43 G312- 44 G312- 45 G312- 46 G312- 47 G312- 49 G312- 50 G312-52 G312-53 G312-54 G312-55 G312-57 G312-58 G312-59 G312-61 G313- 42 G313- 44 G313- 45 G313- 46 G313- 47 G313- 48 G313- 49 G313- 50 G313- 51 G313- 58 G313- 60 G313- 61 G313- 62 G313-53 G313-54 G313-56 G313-57 G314- 42 G314- 43 G314- 44 G314- 45 G314- 46 G314- 47 G314- 48 G314- 49 G314- 50 G314- 51 G314-52 G314-53 G314-55 G314-56 G314-57 G314-58 G314-59 G314-60 G314-61 Date of back-checking interview Date of back-checking interview Date of back-checking interview Date of back-checking interview Date of back-checking interview 134 902 1402 1123.642 180.793 Starting time of interview Starting time of interview Starting time of interview Starting time of interview Starting time of interview 134 105 1255 748.746 377.138 Completion time Completion time Completion time Completion time Completion time 134 53 1255 704.015 399.274 Date of interview Date of interview Date of interview Date of interview Date of interview Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name is ....... and I am carrying out research on behalf of COWI, an independent Danish company. Can I please speak to………………… (name from Household Survey questionnaire). IF UNAVAILABLE ARRANGE A TIME TO CALL BACK. I understand that you were recently interviewed regarding your household's water supply and sanitation. Can I just ask you a few questions about this interview as part of our quality control check? What date was this interview? 134 999 Don’t know/cannot remember Duration of interview Duration of interview Duration of interview Duration of interview Duration of interview How long did the interview take? 82 52 0.05 2 0.341 0.321 999 Don’t know/cannot remember Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water Main source of drinking water What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household? 134 2 14 5.813 4.449 1 Piped water into dwelling 2 Piped water to yard/plot 3 Public tap/standpipe 4 Tubewell/borehole 5 Protected dug well 6 Unprotected dug well 7 Protected spring 8 Unprotected spring 9 Rainwater collection in closed containers 10 Rainwater collection in open containers 11 Bottled water 12 Small-scale vendor 13 Tanker-truck 14 Surface water 15 Other (specify) Type of toilet facilities Type of toilet facilities Type of toilet facilities Type of toilet facilities Type of toilet facilities What kind of toilet facilities does your household use? 134 2 11 7.478 1.53 1 Flush to piped sewer system 2 Flush to septic tank 3 Flush/pour flush to pit 4 Flush/pour flush to elsewhere 5 Composting toilet 6 VIP/pit latrine with slab 7 Pit latrine without slab/open pit 8 Bucket 9 Hanging toilet 10 Open air/bush/field 11 Other (please write down) Household size Household size Household size Household size Household size How many people do you live in your household on a permanent basis, including adults and children? 134 1 89 6.657 7.798 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 89 Interview carried out in a professional manner? Interview carried out in a professional manner? Interview carried out in a professional manner? Interview carried out in a professional manner? Interview carried out in a professional manner? Was the interview carried out in a professional manner? 131 3 1 2 1.069 0.254 1 Yes 2 No Sysmiss 24 ABOMSA AMBO BEKE BOKOJI BUBE GEDO GIMBI GOBA GUDER HAGERE MARIAM HIRNA MEGADO MEKI MELKA RAFU MENNA METTU MOJO MOYALE NEGELE BORENA NEJO SUPHEE WALENCHITI WALISO YABELO population population population population population 24 2864 43975 20256.5 13106.385