DDI_WLD_2000_ID_v01_M 2010-09-07 NADA version 01 (September 2010) Innovation and Development around the World 1960-2000 ID 1960-2000 WLD_2000_ID_v01_M Daniel Lederman and Laura Saenz NADA Development Research Group Macroeconomics - Indicators Dataset used in World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #3774 (November 2005). The data include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and technical personnel (engineers, scientists) working in R&D activities. The sources of these data are publicly available (OECD, UNESCO, etc.), yet there have been few attempts at double checking the consistency of these data and digitizing observations dating back to the 1960s. Aruba Afghanistan Angola Anguilla Albania Andorra Netherlands Antilles United Arab Emirates Argentina Armenia American Samoa Antigua and Barbuda Australia Austria Azerbaijan Burundi Belgium Benin Burkina Faso Bulgaria Bahrain Bahamas, The Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolivia Brazil Barbados Bhutan Botswana Central African Republic Canada Switzerland Chile China China China Cameroon Cook Islands Colombia Comoros Cabo Verde Costa Rica Cuba Cayman Islands Cyprus Czech Republic Germany Germany Germany Djibouti Dominica Denmark Dominican Republic Algeria Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. Spain Estonia Ethiopia Finland Fiji France Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Gabon United Kingdom Georgia Ghana Gibraltar Guinea Guadeloupe Gambia, The Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Greece Grenada Greenland Guatemala French Guiana Guam Guyana Hong Kong SAR, China Honduras Croatia Haiti Hungary Indonesia Isle of Man India Ireland Iraq Iceland Israel Italy Jamaica Jordan Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Cambodia Kiribati St. Kitts and Nevis Korea, Rep. Kuwait Lao PDR Lebanon Liberia Libya St. Lucia Liechtenstein Sri Lanka Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Macao SAR, China Morocco Monaco Moldova Madagascar Maldives Mexico Marshall Islands Mali Malta Myanmar Mongolia Mozambique Mauritania Montserrat Martinique Mauritius Malawi Malaysia Mayotte Namibia New Caledonia Niger Norfolk Isld. Nigeria Nicaragua Niue Netherlands Norway Nepal Nauru New Zealand Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Palau Papua New Guinea Poland Puerto Rico Portugal Paraguay French Polynesia Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Sudan Senegal Singapore Solomon Islands Sierra Leone El Salvador San Marino Somalia Sao Tome and Principe Suriname Slovak Republic Slovenia Sweden Eswatini Seychelles Syrian Arab Republic Turks and Caicos Islands Chad Togo Thailand Tajikistan Turkmenistan Timor-Leste Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkiye Taiwan, China Tanzania Uganda Ukraine Uruguay United States Uzbekistan St. Vincent & Grenadines British Virgin Islands Virgin Islands (U.S.) Vietnam Vanuatu West Bank and Gaza West Bank and Gaza Samoa South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Yugoslavia Fed. Rep. Czechoslovakia Aggregate data [agg] The dataset inlcludes: - R&D expenditure - Patents Other [oth] Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include: - the Identification of the Primary Investigator - the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation) - the survey reference number - the source and date of download Example: Daniel Lederman and Laura Saenz. Innovation and Development around the World (ID) 1960-2000. Ref. WLD_2000_ID_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [web address] on [date]. The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. Innovation_and_Development_Database The data include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and technical personnel (engineers, scientists) working in R&D activities. The sources of these data are publicly available (OECD, UNESCO, etc.), yet there have been few attempts at double checking the consistency of these data and digitizing observations dating back to the 1960s. 8295 33 Country Country Country Country Country 8295 Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Cocos Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Democratic Germany Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Falkland Islands Fiji Finland Former U.S.S.R. Former Yugoslavia France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Germany, Fed. Rep. (former) Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao, China Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar N. Mariana Islands Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Island Turks and Caicos Islands Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe Country code Country code Country code Country code Country code 8295 ABW ADO AFG AGO AIA ALB ANT ARE ARG ARM ASM ATG AUS AUT AZE BDI BEL BEN BFA BGD BGR BHR BHS BIH BLR BLZ BMU BOL BRA BRB BRN BTN BWA CAF CAN CCK CHE CHI CHL CHN CIV CMR COG COK COL COM CPV CRI CSK CUB CYM CYP CZE DEU DFA DJI DMA DNK DOM DRG DZA ECU EGY ERI ESP EST ETH FIN FJI FLK FRA FRO FSM GAB GBR GEO GHA GIB GIN GLP GMB GNB GNQ GRC GRD GRL GTM GUF GUM GUY HKG HND HRV HTI HUN IDN IMY IND IRL IRN IRQ ISL ISR ITA JAM JOR JPN KAZ KEN KGZ KHM KIR KNA KOR KWT LAO LBN LBR LBY LCA LIE LKA LSO LTU LUX LVA MAC MAR MCO MDA MDG MDV MEX MHL MKD MLI MLT MMR MNG MNP MOZ MRT MSR MTQ MUS MWI MYS MYT NAM NCL NER NFK NGA NIC NIU NLD NOR NPL NRU NZL OMN PAK PAN PER PHL PLW PNG POL PRI PRK PRT PRY PYF QAT REU ROM RUS RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SLB SLE SLV SMR SOM STP SUR SVK SVN SVU SWE SWZ SYC SYR TCA TCD TGO THA TJK TKM TMP TON TTO TUN TUR TWN TZA UGA UKR URY USA UZB VCT VEN VGB VIR VNM VUT WBG WSM WTB YEM YSR YUG ZAF ZAR ZMB ZWE Year Year Year Year Year 8295 1960 2002 East Asia and the Pacific East Asia and the Pacific East Asia and the Pacific East Asia and the Pacific East Asia and the Pacific 8295 1 Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia 8295 1 Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean 8295 1 Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa 8295 1 Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 8295 1 South Asia South Asia South Asia South Asia South Asia 8295 1 High income High income High income High income High income 8294 1 1 Sysmiss Total patents granted by the USPTO by year for each country Total patents granted by the USPTO by year for each country Total patents granted by the USPTO by year for each country Total patents granted by the USPTO by year for each country Total patents granted by the USPTO by year for each country 7132 1163 87607 478.63 4195.049 Units: Unit Patent by USPTO: Property right granted by the Government of the United States of America to an inventor “to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States” for a limited time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted. Total patents granted by the EPO by year for each country Total patents granted by the EPO by year for each country Total patents granted by the EPO by year for each country Total patents granted by the EPO by year for each country Total patents granted by the EPO by year for each country 3114 5181 10300 173.509 937.42 Units: Unit Patent by EPO: Legal title granting its holder the exclusive right to make use of an invention for a limited area and time by stopping others from, amongst other things, making, using or selling it without authorization. A European patent can be obtained by filing a single application in one of the official languages of the European Patent Office (English, French or German) in a unitary procedure before the EPO and is valid in as many of the contracting states as the applicant cares to designate. A European patent affords the same rights in the designated contracting states as a national patent granted in any of these states. Royalties and license fees, payments Royalties and license fees, payments Royalties and license fees, payments Royalties and license fees, payments Royalties and license fees, payments 2382 5913 16400000000 319475495.92 1168250143.119 Units: Current U.S. dollars R&D expenditure R&D expenditure R&D expenditure R&D expenditure R&D expenditure 1395 6900 5161.2 243000000000 9501998412.812 28847009139.761 Units: Constant U.S. dollars Research and experimental development (R&D) In general R&D is defined as any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture, and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications. It includes fundamental research, applied research, and experimental development. Fundamental Research: Any activity directed towards the increase of scientific knowledge or discovery of new fields of investigation, without any specific practical objective. Applied research: Any activity directed towards the increase of scientific knowledge but with a specific practical aim in view. Experimental development: Systematic use of the results of fundamental and applied research and of empirical knowledge directed towards the introduction of new materials, products, devices, processes and methods, or the improvement of existing ones, including the development of prototypes and pilot plants. R&D Investment :The measurement of R&D investment is calculated on the basis of intramural current expenditure, including overheads, and intramural capital expenditure. The sum of the intramural expenditures incurred by the national institutions provides the total domestic expenditure which is the information presented at the international level. Total domestic expenditure on R&D activities refers to all expenditure made for this purpose in the course of a reference year in institutions and installations established in the national territory as well as installations physically situated abroad. The total expenditure for R&D as defined above comprises current expenditure, including overheads, and capital expenditure. R&D personnel R&D personnel R&D personnel R&D personnel R&D personnel 1313 6982 1522200 77215.056 194692.544 Units: Number of researchers (scientists and engineers) R&D personnel corresponds to scientists and engineers, comprising persons working in those capacities, i.e. as persons with scientific or technological training (usually completion of third level education) in any field of science, who are engaged in professional work on R&D activities, administrators and other high-level personnel who direct the execution of R&D activities. R&D expenditure financed with funds from abroad R&D expenditure financed with funds from abroad R&D expenditure financed with funds from abroad R&D expenditure financed with funds from abroad R&D expenditure financed with funds from abroad 894 7401 100 5.406 10.579 Units: Percentage of total R&D expenditure Foreign funds are funds received from abroad for national R&D activities. R&D expenditure financed by the productive sector R&D expenditure financed by the productive sector R&D expenditure financed by the productive sector R&D expenditure financed by the productive sector R&D expenditure financed by the productive sector 1111 7184 94.7 41.229 21.539 Units: Percentage of total R&D expenditure The productive sector includes both domestic and foreign-owned industrial and trading establishments located in the country, which produce and distribute goods and services for sale, and organizations directly serving them, whatever their form of ownership, private, non-profit, or government. It also includes government monopolies and nationalized industries, particularly public utilities, transport undertakings, post offices, communications and broadcasting, and all other government establishments which function as productive units. Also included are governmental or non-governmental organizations and private non-profit institutions mainly or exclusively serving industrial or trading establishments, except those institutes, experimental stations, etc., operating under the direct control of, or being associated with institutions of higher education. In former socialist countries, R&D institutes of branch ministries were classified in this sector. R&D expenditure performed by the productive sector R&D expenditure performed by the productive sector R&D expenditure performed by the productive sector R&D expenditure performed by the productive sector R&D expenditure performed by the productive sector 850 7445 100 51.196 21.15 Units: Percentage of total R&D expenditure R&D expenditure performed by higher education R&D expenditure performed by higher education R&D expenditure performed by higher education R&D expenditure performed by higher education R&D expenditure performed by higher education 992 7303 77.7 21.661 12.686 Units: Percentage of total R&D expenditure The higher education sector relates to establishments of education at the third level and also includes those research institutes, experimental stations, etc, serving them. R&D performed by the public sector R&D performed by the public sector R&D performed by the public sector R&D performed by the public sector R&D performed by the public sector 845 7450 100 27.284 19.184 Units: Percentage of total R&D performed by the public sector The public sector, or general service sector, includes various public or government establishments serving the community as a whole. 177 8118 1 Sysmiss 6392 1903 1 Sysmiss 6392 1903 1 Sysmiss 4174 4121 291000000 9010000000000 185654029947.293 676050303281.32 Stock of patents granted by the EPO Stock of patents granted by the EPO Stock of patents granted by the EPO Stock of patents granted by the EPO Stock of patents granted by the EPO 3114 5181 122157 1470.708 9137.854 Units: Sum of patents from the first year that the patenting office granted a patent to time “t” 6543 1752 500920 1270000000 28883877.514 101642484.571 5226 3069 72589 862210000 19789715.133 68176401.102 R&D expenditure as percentage of G.D.P. R&D expenditure as percentage of G.D.P. R&D expenditure as percentage of G.D.P. R&D expenditure as percentage of G.D.P. R&D expenditure as percentage of G.D.P. 1390 6905 0.000177 4.399 1.039 0.849 7424 871 1957665 7329.689 78622.183 4762 3533 4843 17.822 193.298 4762 3533 141143 416.817 5017.627 4747 3548 518 1.981 17.799 4747 3548 11285 47.257 479.742