This study examined Chinese attitudes toward women's careers, marriage rights, sexual freedom,
and the importance of having sons using a 1991 national sample of individuals and community-level
data and through a series of nested multilevel models. Education influences gender
attitudes in multiple ways at both the micro- and macrolevels. Better-educated individuals
hold more egalitarian gender attitudes, and this positive effect of individual education is larger
for women than for men, indicating a strong empowerment effect for women. Egalitarian
gender attitudes trickle down through education, as individuals in communities with high education
are socialized toward more egalitarian attitudes. Community education has a larger
effect toward the egalitarian direction on the attitude toward the importance of having sons
than on the attitude toward women's marriage rights, indicating that change in the latter attitude
occurred earlier and has now spread via education. These findings show that education
is a vehicle of socialization that is used by both the domestic power elite (the Communist
Party) and the Western culture.