Ranging across montane areas of west Asia, the endangered Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicoloris a flagship
species for biodiversity conservation in the Caucasus Eco-region. Despite recent reduction in occupancy and
number within the range countries, the subspecies still exists in large areas within Iran, including the northwest
which is considered the only promising source from which this leopard might recolonize its former range. In this
context, we sought to elucidate the species' status and habitat requirements, and to evaluate the effectiveness of
protected areas in safeguarding its long-term persistence. We report 150 locations where the Persian leopard was
recorded across six provinces in the Iranian Caucasus Eco-region. These records informed a consensus species distribution
modeling approach using 14 uncorrelated environmental variables (landcover, topographic, anthropogenic
and climatic features) to explore the distribution of habitats suitable for the leopards. Using electricalcircuit
theory we then explored connectivity between the usable habitats as revealed by this model. Unsurprisingly,
our models confirmed that prey availability and the avoidance of humans were the primary influences on
leopard distribution in the region. Two main landscapes were revealed to be suitable for the leopard but only 30%
of their 20,026.9 km2 area is officially protected. The Alborz landscape hosted the larger population nucleus and
majority of breeding occurrences. Modeled connectivity revealed that persistence of the Persian leopard population
in the boundary landscape and the broader Lesser Caucasus Mountains is dependent on trans-boundary
movements through southern Azerbaijan. We conclude that it is a priority that international collaboration secures
the Persian leopard's conservation in the wider landscape spanning the borders of Caucasian countries