Large cities in Middle Eastern countries, like much of the world, are characterized by
rapid urban growth. Urbanization and urban growth often result in the proliferation of
squatter settlements on the urban fringe.  While squatter settlements provide a relief
valve from pressure for housing very low income residents, they also create a complex
array of physical, social, economic problems.  In order to better understand how Middle
Eastern governments can more effectively respond to squatter settlements, this thesis
adopts an analytical approach and case study method to assess two such settlements in
Egypt.    Insight is gained by analyzing both the positive and negative outcomes of the
Egyptian government’s response to squatter settlements.    These insights are used to
propose standards for scatter settlements that address the physical, social and
economic needs of residents while addressing the problems posed by such settlements.
This study found that in Egypt, much of the government’s response to squatter
settlements has reflected a reactionary planning approach responding to popular
pressure, media reports and donor requirements. The study found a lack of a
comprehensive strategy based on regional approaches to problem-solving. Also, the
Egyptian government's response to the need for housing very low income residents is
focused only on the physical dimension of the problem at the expense of the social and
economic dimensions, including the need for public participation, employment
generation strategies, and comprehensive assessments of residents’ needs.