Reproductive and Health Survey 1998
Mongolia, 1998
Identification
MNG_1998_RHS_v01_M
Reproductive and Health Survey 1998
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Mongolia | MNG |
Other Household Health Survey [hh/hea]
The 1998 Mongolian Reproductive and Health Survey (RHS) is the first nationally representative population and health survey in Mongolia. This survey was conducted with funding from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) project “Reproductive Health Survey for Mongolia”.
The purpose of the RHS was to establish a complete statistical data set on fertility, infant mortality, family planning, maternal health related to antenatal care, pregnancy difficulties and delivery complications. Moreover, through this survey some data on child health, breastfeeding, women's and men's attitude towards family planning and AIDS were collected. This information is important firstly, for the evaluation of the current vital statistics on fertility and infant mortality; secondly, for understanding the factors that influence the reproductive health of women and the health and survival of infants and young children. The output of the survey can be used for policies and programs in relation to maternal and child health in Mongolia. In addition, the results of the survey may suggest some changes in the registration of infant deaths and in the reporting system, or in the use of statistical tools for the measuring of fertility and infant mortality levels in Mongolia.The survey findings are especially important now when the country is in the transition period, because it provides some information on awareness of people about family planning and AIDS. During the socialist period people did not have experiences of using family planning, and similarly, they did not know the danger of AIDS. Overall, the findings of RHS will become a useful source of information necessary for health care reform in Mongolia.
A further objective was to instill in the NSO the capacity to carry out large-scale, nationally representative and internationally comparable scientific surveys. It is expected that the survey will provide policy makers, health officials and researchers with data essential for informed policy-making, program execution, and further research.
The RHS has the following objectives:
- Gather information on fertility, mortality and family planning at the national level;
- Determine fertility, knowledge of contraceptives, and level of contraceptive use by region and rural-urban residence, age, educational level, and other background characteristics of women;
- Gather information on specific health issues such as child health, breastfeeding practices, prenatal care, difficulties and complications during pregnancy, and abortion;
- Disseminate Mongolian data on reproduction, health and family planning both within the country and internationally;
- Provide policy makers and researchers with data essential for informed policy-making and further research.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Household
- Women aged 15-49
- Husband of the women
- Children
Version
Version 02: Cleaned data for internal use only
1999-08-01
Scope
This survey was to establish a complete statistical data set on fertility, infant mortality, family planning, maternal health related to antenatal care, pregnancy difficulties and delivery complications. Moreover, through this survey some data on child health, breastfeeding, women's and men's attitude towards family planning and AIDS were collected.
| Topic | Vocabulary | URI |
|---|---|---|
| health policy [8.6] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| children [12.1] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| family life and marriage [12.5] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| gender and gender roles [12.6] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| fertility [14.2] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| social welfare policy [15.1] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
Coverage
The survey is nationally and regionally (5 regions - West, Central, East, South, Ulaanbaatar) representative and covers the whole of Mongolia.
All women between the ages of 15 and 49 , three husbands out of five married women and their children above 5 years old.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Statistical Office | Government of Mongolia |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| United Nations Statistical Division | Technical assistance |
| Ministry of Health and Social Welfare | Assistance |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| United Nations Population Fund | Sponsor and technical assistance |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mr.Iqbal Alam | UNSD | Created of the project |
| Mr. Albert M.Marckwardt | UNSD | Technical advised |
| Ms. Linda Demers | UNSD | Reviewed all report |
| Mr. A.Amarbal (Ph.D) | UNFPA | Coordinatied |
Sampling
The survey was conducted using a two-stage sampling method, with equal probability of selection of households. The sample frame comprised the listings of households prepared annually in bags and horoos across the country. It was determined from experience of other countries that 25 households per cluster would provide an optimum representation in a country where no such survey has ever before been conducted. (The best cluster "take" depends upon the intra-cluster versus inter-cluster heterogeneity of the principal variables being measured; this can only be determined after carrying out a survey.) For the survey it was planned to select 6000 households, which is a 1,13 percent sample of all households in the country. This implied the selection of 240 clusters of households. Bags and horoos were the primary sampling units (PSUs). All 1684 PSUs were stratified implicitly by aimag and soum, and the selection of the 240 sample PSUs (or clusters) was done systematically with a random start, with probability proportional to the number of registered households. Households were then selected systematically with a random start within each PSU, using an interval directly proportional to the number of households in the PSU. Each registered household in Mongolia had an equal and known probability of being selected in the RHS sample. The selected households were interviewed using the household schedule. All women between the ages of 15 and 49, inclusive, who slept in the household's dwelling the night prior to interview were eligible to be interviewed using the women's interview schedule. Interviewing teams were also instructed to interview 6 husbands of interviewed women in each PSU.
Distribution of the RHS Household Sampling by Aimag, Mongolia 1998
-- Aimag, Clusters, Number of Households
- Arhangai, 1-12, 300
- Bayan-Olgii, 13-20, 200
- Bayanhongor, 21-30, 250
- Bulgan, 31-37, 175
- Gobi-Altai, 38-44, 175
- Dornogobi, 45-49, 125
- Dornod, 50-57, 200
- Dundgobi, 58-63, 150
- Zavhan, 64-73, 250
- Selenge, 74-83, 250
- Suhbaatar, 84-89, 150
- Uvs, 90-99, 249
- Tov, 100-110, 275
- Ovorhangai, 111-124, 350
- Omnogobi, 125-129, 125
- Hovd, 130-137, 200
- Hovsgol, 138-150, 325
- Hentii, 151-158, 200
- Darhan-Uul, 159-168, 250
- Orhon, 169-174,149
- Gobisumber, 175-176, 50
- Ulaanbaatar, 177-240, 1607
Total number of households 6005
Results of the Household and Individual Interviews (Women and Husbands), Mongolia 1998
Number of Dwellings Sampled: Urban 2931, Rural 3074, and Total 6005
Number of Households Interviewed: Urban 2930, Rural 3073, and Total 6003
Household Response Rate: Urban 100.0, Rural 100.0, Total 100.0
Number of Eligible Women: Urban 3943, Rural 3610, and Total 7553
Number of Eligible Women Interviewed: Urban 3904, Rural 3557, and Total 7461
Eligible Women Response Rate: Urban 99.0, Rural 98.5, and Total 98.8
Number of Husbands Selected: Urban 794, Rural 766, and Total 1560
Number of Husbands Interviewed: Urban 793, Rural 764, and Total 1557
Husbands Response Rate: Urban 99.9, Rural 99.7, and Total 99.8
Survey instrument
There were three questionnaires used in the RHS 1998.
The contents of the three questionnaires are outlined briefly below.
-
Household Questionnaire:
The household questionnaire consists of questions on relationship to the household head, age, sex, educational level and marital status. The questions in the household questionnaire were asked concerning all members of the household, as well as visitors who spent the night before the survey in the household. The household questionnaire was developed in order to obtain general demographic information, information on household amenities and housing conditions, and as a tool for selecting women and husbands for individual interview. -
Woman's Questionnaire:
Background questions
Reproduction
Maternal health, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child health
Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods
Marriage
Fertility preferences and abortion
Employment, and questions concerning the husband
Knowledge about AIDS
3.Husband's Questionnaire:
Background questions
Reproduction
Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods
Knowledge about AIDS
All questionnaires are provided as external resources.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 1998-10-04 | 1998-12-31 |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Statistical Office | Government of Mongolia |
Supervisor and the field editor will:
- Spot-check some of the addresses selected for interviewing to be sure that you interviewed the correct households and the correct respondents
- Review each questionnaire to be sure it is complete and consistent
- Observe some of your interviews to ensure that you are asking the questions in the right manner and recording the answers correctly
- Meet with you on a daily basis to discuss performance and give out future work assignments
- Help you resolve any problems that you might have with finding the assigned households, understanding the questionnaire, or dealing with difficult respondents.
From 14 September to 1 October 1998, training was held for interviewers. Data collection activities started with the appointment of 10 teams with 7 members in each. Each team consisted of 4 female interviewers, a male interviewer, an editor and a supervisor. When the data collection activities started winter was very near, therefore, it was planned to first cover the mountainous west and forested regions of the country, then Gobi and central regions, lastly Ulaanbaatar city. Data collection started on 4 October and terminated 31 December 1998.
Editors were appointed for each team, so that editors and supervisors were able to edit questionnaires daily and correct them by going back to the households when necessary. This way of organizing fieldwork ensured high quality and reliable information. Data collection progress was reported weekly to the survey headquarters at the NSO. In addition to team supervisors and editors, the survey employed two roving monitors to assure that the same criteria were being applied by all interview teams. It is also worth mentioning that a number of persons from bags or horoos (around 300 persons) were also involved and provided great assistance during the fieldwork operation.
Data processing
The computer data entry work was initiated on 20 October 1998 and terminated 1 February 1999. The editing of the computer files finished by the middle of February. The computer software package “Integrated System for Survey Analysis” (ISSA), created and distributed by Macro International, Inc. was used for data entry and data processing. From February 1999, output tables started to be produced, and this activity lasted for two months. Activities such as data entry, quality control and production of output tables were accomplished by the national staff under the supervision of the UN Technical Adviser and an adviser from the UNFPA Country Support Team in Bangkok. Similarly, the main report of RHS has been prepared through the cooperative work of national staff with the Technical Adviser. The tabulation plan follows closely the recommendations contained in Guidelines for the DHS-III Main Survey Report, published by Macro International.
Data appraisal
Sampling errors are presented in Tables B.02 - B.16 (refer final survey report) for variables considered to be of major interest. Results are presented for the whole country, for urban and rural areas separately, for each of four education groups, for each of five regions, and for each of three age groups. For each variable, the type of statistic (percentage, mean or rate) and the base population are given in Table B.01 (refer final survey report) . For each variable, Tables B.02 - B.16 (refer final survey report) present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of cases (N) where relevant, the design effect (DEFT) where applicable, the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R-2SE, R+2SE).
The confidence limits have the following interpretation. For the percentage of currently married women using the contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), the overall value for the full sample is 32.2%, and its standard error is 0.8%. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, which means that there is a high probability (95 percent) the true percentage currently using the IUD is between 30.6% and 33.8%.
The relative standard errors for most estimates for the country as a whole are small, except for estimates of very small percentages. The magnitude of the error increases as estimates for sub-populations such as geographical areas are considered. For the variable IUD, for instance, the relative standard error (as a percentage of the estimated parameter) for the whole country and for urban and rural areas is 2.5 percent, 3.5 percent, and 3.4 percent, respectively. For the five regions, the relative standard error of the variable IUD varies between 4.2 percent and 9.0 percent.
Special mention should be made of the sampling errors for rates. The denominators are exposure-years, and the numerators are either births or deaths in the population under consideration during the indicated period of time. Estimates of sampling errors are shown for the TFR in the three years prior to the survey, presented in Chapter 3, and for the various 10-year mortality rates presented in Chapter 7. These estimates are calculated at the national level, and by urban-rural residence, region, and mother's educational level. (They are irrelevant for age groups.) In keeping with the necessary caution concerning the infant mortality rate for the 5-year period prior to the survey, this statistic and the related calculations are presented at only the national level.
It should be noted that the survey indicates, with a 95 percent level of confidence, that the TFR for the 3-year period prior to the survey lay between 2,9 and 3,2 children per woman, and that the infant mortality rate for the 5-year period prior to the survey lay between 56 and 74 per thousand births. The differences between the survey results and registration statistics are not due to sampling variability.
Details of the sampling errors are presented in the Appendix B of the 1998 RHS National Report.
None reported
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Statistical Office | Government of Mongolia | www.nso.mn | info@nso.mn |
The data and/or metadata may not be transferred to any other user without prior authorization from NSO of Mongolia
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. Mongolia Reproductive and Health Survey 1998. Ref. MNG_1998_RHS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://web.nso.mn/nada/index.php/catalog/36 on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
The National Statistical Office of Mongolia provide these data to external users without any warranty or responsibility implied. They accept no responsibility for the results and/or implications of any actions resulting from the use of these data.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mr. Amarbal Avirmed (Ph.D) | Coordinator of RHS | amarbal@nso.mn | www.nso.mn |
| World Bank Microdata Library | microdata@worldbank.org |
Metadata production
DDI_MNG_1998_RHS_v01_M
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nansalmaa Zundui | NSO | Documentation of the study |
| Tsolmon Tserendejid | NSO | Documentation of the study |
2008-02-25
Metadata version
Version 02 (September 2013). Edited version based on Version 01 DDI (DDI-MNG-NSO-EN-RHS-1998-v1.0) that were done by Nansalmaa Zundui and Tsolmon Tserendejid (National Statistical Office of Mongolia).