World Values Survey Official Aggregate 1981-2008
Albania, Andorra, Argentina...and 81 more, 1981 - 2008
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Reference ID
WLD_1981-2008_WVS_v01_M
Producer(s)
World Values Survey, ASEP/JDS Data Archive
Metadata
Created on
Mar 24, 2013
Last modified
Jun 14, 2022
Page views
74220
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- Data files
- wvs1981_2008_v20090914
which of the following best describes you (g015)
Data file: wvs1981_2008_v20090914
Overview
Valid:
118580
Invalid:
139017
Type:
Discrete
Decimal:
0
Start:
2158
End:
2163
Width:
6
Range:
-5 - 902003
Format:
Numeric
Questions and instructions
Categories
| Value | Category | Cases | |
|---|---|---|---|
| -5 | "missing" | 0 |
0%
|
| -4 | "not asked in survey" | 0 |
0%
|
| -3 | "not applicable" | 0 |
0%
|
| -2 | "no answer" | 0 |
0%
|
| -1 | "don´t know" | 0 |
0%
|
| 1 | 1103 |
0.9%
|
|
| 2 | 1324 |
1.1%
|
|
| 3 | 216 |
0.2%
|
|
| 4 | 11 |
0%
|
|
| 66 | 2 |
0%
|
|
| 77 | 1 |
0%
|
|
| 99 | 10 |
0%
|
|
| 8001 | "al: above all, i am an albanian" | 979 |
0.8%
|
| 8002 | "al: above all, i am a greek" | 5 |
0%
|
| 8003 | "al: above all, i am a macedonian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 8004 | "al: above all, i am a roma" | 1 |
0%
|
| 8005 | "al: first i am an albanian and second a member of ethn.group" | 15 |
0%
|
| 12001 | "dz: above all, i am algerian" | 322 |
0.3%
|
| 12002 | "dz: above all, i am a muslim" | 855 |
0.7%
|
| 12003 | "dz: above all, i am an arab" | 39 |
0%
|
| 12004 | "dz: above all, i am a berber" | 49 |
0%
|
| 12005 | "dz: other" | 7 |
0%
|
| 50001 | "bd: first of all, i am a bangladeshi" | 823 |
0.7%
|
| 50002 | "bd: i am a muslim" | 355 |
0.3%
|
| 50003 | "bd: i am an asian" | 13 |
0%
|
| 50004 | "bd: i am a bengali" | 1225 |
1%
|
| 50005 | "bd: first bangladeshi, then bengali stock" | 174 |
0.1%
|
| 50006 | "bd: urdu" | 419 |
0.4%
|
| 50007 | "bd: other" | 15 |
0%
|
| 76001 | "br: negro brazilian" | 162 |
0.1%
|
| 76002 | "br: indio brazilian" | 51 |
0%
|
| 76003 | "br: branco brazilian" | 377 |
0.3%
|
| 76004 | "br: oriental brazilian" | 27 |
0%
|
| 76005 | "br: brazilian first" | 528 |
0.4%
|
| 76006 | "br: none" | 4 |
0%
|
| 124001 | "ca: above all, i am a french" | 463 |
0.4%
|
| 124002 | "ca: above all, i am an english" | 384 |
0.3%
|
| 124003 | "ca: above all, i am an ethnic" | 107 |
0.1%
|
| 124004 | "ca: a cdn first & member" | 219 |
0.2%
|
| 124005 | "ca: i am a canadian first and only" | 741 |
0.6%
|
| 124006 | "ca: an american" | 4 |
0%
|
| 124007 | "ca: none of these" | 8 |
0%
|
| 152001 | "cl: sobre todo, soy latino" | 366 |
0.3%
|
| 152002 | "cl: sobre todo, soy mestizo" | 158 |
0.1%
|
| 152003 | "cl: sobre todo, soy blanco" | 156 |
0.1%
|
| 152004 | "cl: sobre todo, soy indígena" | 61 |
0.1%
|
| 152005 | "cl: primero soy chileno" | 1381 |
1.2%
|
| 156001 | "cn: han nationality" | 0 |
0%
|
| 156002 | "cn: zhuang nationality" | 0 |
0%
|
| 156003 | "cn: hui nationality" | 0 |
0%
|
| 156004 | "cn: uygur nationality" | 0 |
0%
|
| 156005 | "cn: miao nationality" | 0 |
0%
|
| 156006 | "cn: chinese first and then a minority member" | 0 |
0%
|
| 158001 | "tw: taiwanese" | 362 |
0.3%
|
| 158002 | "tw: chinese" | 93 |
0.1%
|
| 158003 | "tw: taiwanese, then chinese" | 166 |
0.1%
|
| 158004 | "tw: chinese, then taiwanese" | 144 |
0.1%
|
| 170001 | "co: hispan" | 288 |
0.2%
|
| 170002 | "co: black" | 253 |
0.2%
|
| 170003 | "co: white" | 0 |
0%
|
| 170004 | "co: asian" | 75 |
0.1%
|
| 170005 | "co: american" | 1965 |
1.7%
|
| 170006 | "co: negro" | 318 |
0.3%
|
| 170007 | "co: mestizo" | 1596 |
1.3%
|
| 170008 | "co: indígena" | 253 |
0.2%
|
| 170009 | "co: blanco" | 801 |
0.7%
|
| 170010 | "co: other" | 17 |
0%
|
| 320001 | "gt: above all i´m ladino (maya-european cross-breed)" | 692 |
0.6%
|
| 320002 | "gt: above all i´m indigene" | 299 |
0.3%
|
| 344001 | "hk: i am a chinese" | 294 |
0.2%
|
| 344002 | "hk: i am a hong kongese" | 382 |
0.3%
|
| 344003 | "hk: i am a chinese in hong kong" | 302 |
0.3%
|
| 344004 | "hk: i am a hong kongese in china" | 260 |
0.2%
|
| 344005 | "hk: other" | 4 |
0%
|
| 356001 | "in: first of all [regional term]" | 512 |
0.4%
|
| 356002 | "in: indian first and a member of my ethnic group second" | 2061 |
1.7%
|
| 356004 | "in: hindu" | 429 |
0.4%
|
| 356005 | "in: muslim" | 89 |
0.1%
|
| 356006 | "in: obc" | 30 |
0%
|
| 356007 | "in: indian" | 846 |
0.7%
|
| 356008 | "in: dalit" | 53 |
0%
|
| 356009 | "in: above all, i am a christian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 356010 | "in: above all, i am member of some other religious denom." | 0 |
0%
|
| 360001 | "id: above all, i am an indonesian" | 524 |
0.4%
|
| 360002 | "id: above all, i am a muslim" | 420 |
0.4%
|
| 360003 | "id: above all, i am a javanese" | 39 |
0%
|
| 360004 | "id: above all, i am a sundanese" | 11 |
0%
|
| 360005 | "id: above all, i am a sumatranese" | 6 |
0%
|
| 360006 | "id: above all, i am a chinese-vietnamese" | 39 |
0%
|
| 360007 | "id: above all, i am a cambodian-vietnamese" | 4 |
0%
|
| 360008 | "id: above all, i am a laotian-vietnamese" | 0 |
0%
|
| 360009 | "id: above all, i am an [ethnic] vietnamese" | 62 |
0.1%
|
| 360010 | "id: i am a vietnamese first and member ethnic group second" | 895 |
0.8%
|
| 364002 | "ir: above everything else, i am an iranian" | 863 |
0.7%
|
| 364003 | "ir: above everything else, i am a muslim" | 1544 |
1.3%
|
| 364004 | "ir: other" | 66 |
0.1%
|
| 368001 | "iq: i am iraqi before anything" | 1296 |
1.1%
|
| 368002 | "iq: i am muslim before anything" | 3141 |
2.6%
|
| 368003 | "iq: i am arab before anything" | 58 |
0%
|
| 368004 | "iq: i am kurdish before anything" | 438 |
0.4%
|
| 368005 | "iq: i am christian before anything" | 11 |
0%
|
| 368006 | "iq: other" | 9 |
0%
|
| 376001 | "il: jew" | 526 |
0.4%
|
| 376002 | "il: israeli" | 374 |
0.3%
|
| 376003 | "il: individual-no group" | 143 |
0.1%
|
| 376004 | "il: arab" | 78 |
0.1%
|
| 376005 | "il: muslim" | 35 |
0%
|
| 376006 | "il: christian" | 13 |
0%
|
| 376007 | "il: druze" | 2 |
0%
|
| 400001 | "jo: above all, i am jordanian" | 543 |
0.5%
|
| 400002 | "jo: above all, i am a muslim" | 1507 |
1.3%
|
| 400003 | "jo: above all, i am an arab" | 150 |
0.1%
|
| 400004 | "jo: above all, i am a palestinian[jordan]" | 70 |
0.1%
|
| 400005 | "jo: above all, i am a jordanian muslim" | 70 |
0.1%
|
| 400006 | "jo: above all, i am an arab jordanian muslim" | 4 |
0%
|
| 400007 | "jo: above all, christian arab" | 7 |
0%
|
| 400008 | "jo: above all, loyal to god" | 32 |
0%
|
| 400009 | "jo: above all, arab muslim" | 7 |
0%
|
| 400010 | "jo: above all, i am a palestinian muslim" | 17 |
0%
|
| 400011 | "jo: above all, i am a human" | 3 |
0%
|
| 400012 | "jo: none" | 3 |
0%
|
| 400013 | "jo: above all, i am a jordanian arab" | 1 |
0%
|
| 400014 | "jo: above all, i am christian" | 3 |
0%
|
| 400015 | "jo: above all, i am a palestinian arab" | 1 |
0%
|
| 400096 | "jo: undocumented" | 1 |
0%
|
| 417001 | "kg: kyrgyz" | 584 |
0.5%
|
| 417002 | "kg: uzbek" | 147 |
0.1%
|
| 417003 | "kg: russian" | 114 |
0.1%
|
| 417004 | "kg: other" | 52 |
0%
|
| 417005 | "kg: kyrgyzstani first" | 146 |
0.1%
|
| 484001 | "mx: latin" | 309 |
0.3%
|
| 484002 | "mx: crossbreed" | 418 |
0.4%
|
| 484003 | "mx: spanish" | 105 |
0.1%
|
| 484004 | "mx: indigene" | 325 |
0.3%
|
| 484005 | "mx: first mexican" | 2698 |
2.3%
|
| 498001 | "md: above all, i am a moldovian" | 722 |
0.6%
|
| 498002 | "md: above all, i am a russian" | 38 |
0%
|
| 498003 | "md: above all, i am an ukrainian" | 34 |
0%
|
| 498004 | "md: above all, i am an ethnic minority" | 36 |
0%
|
| 498005 | "md: citizen of moldova 1st and a member of ethnic group 2nd" | 178 |
0.2%
|
| 504001 | "ma: moroccan" | 336 |
0.3%
|
| 504002 | "ma: muslim" | 639 |
0.5%
|
| 504003 | "ma: arab" | 34 |
0%
|
| 504004 | "ma: other" | 4 |
0%
|
| 554001 | "nz: maori" | 158 |
0.1%
|
| 554002 | "nz: pakeha" | 524 |
0.4%
|
| 554003 | "nz: european" | 336 |
0.3%
|
| 554004 | "nz: pacific islander" | 33 |
0%
|
| 554005 | "nz: asian" | 31 |
0%
|
| 554006 | "nz: new zealander first" | 1013 |
0.9%
|
| 566001 | "ng: above all i am a nigerian" | 1548 |
1.3%
|
| 566002 | "ng: above all i am a muslim" | 903 |
0.8%
|
| 566003 | "ng: about all i am an african" | 94 |
0.1%
|
| 566004 | "ng: hausa nigerian" | 222 |
0.2%
|
| 566005 | "ng: yoruba nigerian" | 431 |
0.4%
|
| 566006 | "ng: igbo nigerian" | 449 |
0.4%
|
| 566007 | "ng: minority ethnic nigerian" | 359 |
0.3%
|
| 566009 | "ng: others" | 3 |
0%
|
| 586001 | "pk: pakistan first" | 2282 |
1.9%
|
| 586002 | "pk: muslim first" | 388 |
0.3%
|
| 586003 | "pk: punjabi first" | 33 |
0%
|
| 586004 | "pk: sindhi first" | 15 |
0%
|
| 586005 | "pk: mohajar first" | 2 |
0%
|
| 586006 | "pk: pathan first" | 4 |
0%
|
| 586007 | "pk: baluchi first" | 3 |
0%
|
| 604001 | "pe: only limeño/a or province, etc." | 396 |
0.3%
|
| 604002 | "pe: more limeño/province, than peruano/a" | 244 |
0.2%
|
| 604003 | "pe: as limeño or province as peruano/a" | 492 |
0.4%
|
| 604004 | "pe: more peruano/a than limeño/a or province" | 567 |
0.5%
|
| 604005 | "pe: only peruano/a" | 952 |
0.8%
|
| 608001 | "ph: above all, i am hispanic" | 242 |
0.2%
|
| 608002 | "ph: above all, i am an american" | 19 |
0%
|
| 608003 | "ph: above all, i am a chinese" | 55 |
0%
|
| 608004 | "ph: above all, i am a japanese" | 32 |
0%
|
| 608005 | "ph: above all, i am a filipino" | 1688 |
1.4%
|
| 608006 | "ph: i am a member of another group" | 361 |
0.3%
|
| 608009 | "ph: none" | 3 |
0%
|
| 630001 | "pr: hispano-puertorriqueño" | 218 |
0.2%
|
| 630002 | "pr: negro-puertorriqueno" | 23 |
0%
|
| 630003 | "pr: blanco-puertorriqueño" | 32 |
0%
|
| 630004 | "pr: mulato-puertorriqueño" | 15 |
0%
|
| 630005 | "pr: puertorriqueño primero" | 560 |
0.5%
|
| 630006 | "pr: puertorriqueño y punto" | 655 |
0.6%
|
| 630007 | "pr: caribeño-puertorriqueño" | 68 |
0.1%
|
| 630008 | "pr: ciudadano americano" | 208 |
0.2%
|
| 630009 | "pr: ciudadano del mundo" | 33 |
0%
|
| 630010 | "pr: latinoamericano" | 41 |
0%
|
| 682001 | "sa: above all, i am saudi" | 181 |
0.2%
|
| 682002 | "sa: above all, i am a muslim" | 1105 |
0.9%
|
| 682003 | "sa: above all, i am an arab" | 143 |
0.1%
|
| 682004 | "sa: above all, i am [nationality of non-saudi respondents]" | 67 |
0.1%
|
| 682005 | "sa: other" | 6 |
0%
|
| 702001 | "sg: above all, i am a chinese singaporean" | 451 |
0.4%
|
| 702002 | "sg: above all, i am a malay singaporean" | 393 |
0.3%
|
| 702003 | "sg: above all, i am an indian singaporean" | 152 |
0.1%
|
| 702004 | "sg: above all, i am other ethnic group not mentioned above" | 58 |
0%
|
| 702005 | "sg: singaporean first & member of some ethn group second" | 458 |
0.4%
|
| 710001 | "za: above all, i am a brown/ coloured south african" | 511 |
0.4%
|
| 710002 | "za: above all, i am a black south african" | 1737 |
1.5%
|
| 710003 | "za: above all, i am a white south african" | 896 |
0.8%
|
| 710004 | "za: above all, i am an asian south african" | 190 |
0.2%
|
| 710005 | "za: south african first and member of some ethn group second" | 1314 |
1.1%
|
| 710006 | "za: indian" | 104 |
0.1%
|
| 710007 | "za: zulu" | 186 |
0.2%
|
| 710008 | "za: xhosa" | 162 |
0.1%
|
| 710009 | "za: south sotho" | 44 |
0%
|
| 710010 | "za: tswana" | 78 |
0.1%
|
| 710011 | "za: sepedi" | 43 |
0%
|
| 710012 | "za: venda" | 8 |
0%
|
| 710013 | "za: english-speaking south african" | 200 |
0.2%
|
| 710014 | "za: afrikaans speaking south african" | 324 |
0.3%
|
| 710015 | "za: africaner" | 55 |
0%
|
| 710016 | "za: muslim" | 6 |
0%
|
| 710017 | "za: swazi" | 8 |
0%
|
| 710018 | "za: african" | 2 |
0%
|
| 710019 | "za: none" | 1 |
0%
|
| 710020 | "za: other" | 57 |
0%
|
| 716001 | "zw: above all, i am a brown/coloured zimbabwean" | 12 |
0%
|
| 716002 | "zw: above all, i am a black zimbabwean" | 915 |
0.8%
|
| 716003 | "zw: above all, i am a white zimbabwean" | 7 |
0%
|
| 716004 | "zw: above all, i am an asian zimbabwean" | 0 |
0%
|
| 716005 | "zw: zimbabwean first and member of some ethnic group second" | 68 |
0.1%
|
| 724001 | "es: i am [region]" | 144 |
0.1%
|
| 724002 | "es: i am more [region] than spanish" | 388 |
0.3%
|
| 724003 | "es: i am as [region] as spanish" | 1057 |
0.9%
|
| 724004 | "es: i am more spanish than [region]" | 241 |
0.2%
|
| 724005 | "es: i am spanish first" | 531 |
0.4%
|
| 752001 | "se: swedish" | 960 |
0.8%
|
| 752002 | "se: other language" | 9 |
0%
|
| 752003 | "se: other culture" | 14 |
0%
|
| 752004 | "se: other religion" | 3 |
0%
|
| 752005 | "se: other language, culture" | 16 |
0%
|
| 756001 | "ch: swiss-french" | 401 |
0.3%
|
| 756002 | "ch: swiss-german" | 608 |
0.5%
|
| 756003 | "ch: swiss-italian" | 203 |
0.2%
|
| 792001 | "tr: a turk" | 1086 |
0.9%
|
| 792002 | "tr: a muslim" | 2054 |
1.7%
|
| 792003 | "tr: sunni turk" | 0 |
0%
|
| 792004 | "tr: alevi turk" | 0 |
0%
|
| 792005 | "tr: kurt" | 0 |
0%
|
| 792006 | "tr: laz" | 0 |
0%
|
| 792007 | "tr: inmigrante" | 0 |
0%
|
| 792008 | "tr: greek, armenian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 792010 | "tr: other/both" | 48 |
0%
|
| 800001 | "ug: above all, i am a western ugandan" | 203 |
0.2%
|
| 800002 | "ug: above all, i am a northern ugandan" | 86 |
0.1%
|
| 800003 | "ug: above all, i am a eastern ugangan" | 192 |
0.2%
|
| 800004 | "ug: above all, i am an central/ baganda ugandan" | 157 |
0.1%
|
| 800005 | "ug: ugandan first and a member of some regional group second" | 364 |
0.3%
|
| 807001 | "mk: above all, i am an macedonian" | 625 |
0.5%
|
| 807002 | "mk: above all, i am an albanian" | 223 |
0.2%
|
| 807003 | "mk: above all, i am a turk" | 13 |
0%
|
| 807004 | "mk: above all, i am a roma" | 5 |
0%
|
| 807005 | "mk: above all, i am a serb" | 7 |
0%
|
| 807006 | "mk: above all, i am a vlav" | 8 |
0%
|
| 807007 | "mk: macedonian first and member of ethn.group second" | 174 |
0.1%
|
| 818001 | "eg: above all, i am an egyptian" | 294 |
0.2%
|
| 818002 | "eg: above all, i am a muslim" | 2383 |
2%
|
| 818003 | "eg: above all, i am an arab" | 30 |
0%
|
| 818004 | "eg: above all, i am a pharonic" | 14 |
0%
|
| 818005 | "eg: other" | 279 |
0.2%
|
| 834001 | "tz: above all i am my tribe by identify" | 297 |
0.3%
|
| 834002 | "tz: above all i am a tanzanian" | 661 |
0.6%
|
| 834003 | "tz: above all i am an african" | 189 |
0.2%
|
| 834004 | "tz: above all i am a tanzanian of asian origin" | 7 |
0%
|
| 834005 | "tz: some identity not in the above category" | 8 |
0%
|
| 840001 | "us: above all, i am an hispanic american" | 165 |
0.1%
|
| 840002 | "us: above all, i am a black american" | 296 |
0.2%
|
| 840003 | "us: above all, i am a white american" | 1318 |
1.1%
|
| 840004 | "us: above all, i am an asian american" | 38 |
0%
|
| 840005 | "us: i am an american first" | 895 |
0.8%
|
| 858001 | "uy: above all, i am latin" | 145 |
0.1%
|
| 858002 | "uy: above all, i am crossbreed" | 17 |
0%
|
| 858003 | "uy: above all, i am spanish" | 54 |
0%
|
| 858004 | "uy: above all, i am indigene" | 6 |
0%
|
| 858005 | "uy: first i am uruguayan, then member of an ethnic group" | 778 |
0.7%
|
| 862001 | "ve: latin-american" | 1191 |
1%
|
| 862002 | "ve: white" | 61 |
0.1%
|
| 862003 | "ve: black" | 62 |
0.1%
|
| 862004 | "ve: indigene" | 6 |
0%
|
| 862005 | "ve: mixed" | 25 |
0%
|
| 862006 | "ve: venezuelan" | 971 |
0.8%
|
| 862007 | "ve: i am american first" | 49 |
0%
|
| 862008 | "ve: i am asian american" | 35 |
0%
|
| 891001 | "cs: serb" | 1102 |
0.9%
|
| 891002 | "cs: montenegrin" | 604 |
0.5%
|
| 891003 | "cs: muslim" | 213 |
0.2%
|
| 891004 | "cs: albanian" | 88 |
0.1%
|
| 891005 | "cs: hungarian" | 52 |
0%
|
| 891006 | "cs: croat" | 26 |
0%
|
| 891007 | "cs: jugoslav" | 89 |
0.1%
|
| 891008 | "cs: roma" | 17 |
0%
|
| 891009 | "cs: other" | 69 |
0.1%
|
| 891100 | "cs: above all, i am citizen of bih" | 439 |
0.4%
|
| 891101 | "cs: above all, i am bosnian" | 276 |
0.2%
|
| 891102 | "cs: above all, i am croat" | 102 |
0.1%
|
| 891103 | "cs: above all, i am serb" | 327 |
0.3%
|
| 900001 | "albanian" | 1197 |
1%
|
| 900002 | "armenian" | 1868 |
1.6%
|
| 900003 | "azerbaijanian" | 1665 |
1.4%
|
| 900004 | "balkarian" | 4 |
0%
|
| 900005 | "belorussian" | 1113 |
0.9%
|
| 900006 | "bosnian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900007 | "bulgarian" | 901 |
0.8%
|
| 900008 | "croatian" | 49 |
0%
|
| 900009 | "czech" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900010 | "estonian" | 547 |
0.5%
|
| 900011 | "georgian" | 1490 |
1.3%
|
| 900012 | "german" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900013 | "greek" | 9 |
0%
|
| 900014 | "gypsy/roma" | 41 |
0%
|
| 900015 | "hungarian" | 67 |
0.1%
|
| 900016 | "italian" | 3 |
0%
|
| 900017 | "jewish" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900018 | "karbardian" | 35 |
0%
|
| 900019 | "komi" | 30 |
0%
|
| 900020 | "mordovian" | 21 |
0%
|
| 900021 | "latvian" | 501 |
0.4%
|
| 900022 | "lithuanian" | 851 |
0.7%
|
| 900023 | "macedonian" | 651 |
0.5%
|
| 900024 | "moldovian" | 642 |
0.5%
|
| 900025 | "montenegrin" | 135 |
0.1%
|
| 900026 | "mordovian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900027 | "muslim" | 124 |
0.1%
|
| 900028 | "polish" | 89 |
0.1%
|
| 900029 | "romanian" | 1161 |
1%
|
| 900030 | "russian" | 2667 |
2.2%
|
| 900031 | "serbian" | 1034 |
0.9%
|
| 900032 | "slovakian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900033 | "slovenian" | 914 |
0.8%
|
| 900034 | "swedish" | 0 |
0%
|
| 900035 | "tatarian" | 72 |
0.1%
|
| 900036 | "turkish" | 113 |
0.1%
|
| 900037 | "ukrainian" | 1817 |
1.5%
|
| 900038 | "yugoslavian" | 95 |
0.1%
|
| 900039 | "citizen of [own country] first and a member of some ethnic" | 2918 |
2.5%
|
| 900040 | "representative of a national minority" | 497 |
0.4%
|
| 900041 | "other" | 405 |
0.3%
|
| 902001 | "ru: tambovian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 902002 | "ru: ukrainian" | 0 |
0%
|
| 902003 | "ru: other" | 0 |
0%
|
| Sysmiss | 139017 |
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.