Living Conditions Monitoring Survey-I 1996
Zambia, 1996
Identification
ZMB_1996_LCMS-I_v01_M
Living Conditions Monitoring Survey-I 1996
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Zambia | ZMB |
Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]
In 1991, Zambia embarked on a vigorous Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). This was expected to create new opportunities as well as hardships, but it was realized that the effects on households and individuals were not known. Therefore, the Social Recovery Programme - Phase 1 (SRP) was launched in 1991. This program had a Survey Component which used a Norwegian grant to conduct National Priority Surveys. Two surveys were carried out by Central Statistical Office in 1991 and 1993 and their overall aim was to provide rapid statistical information monitoring the impact on households as the economy was being restructured under the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) that the government was implementing.
In 1995, the Social Recovery Project - Phase II was launched. This project had 3 components, the Microprojects Unit, the Poverty Monitoring and the Study Fund. The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) was funded by the Poverty Monitoring component. The survey draws quite substantially on the experience learnt from the aforementioned National Priority surveys. So far, four Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys have been conducted and LCMS 1996 was the first round. The surveys are: -
(i) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I of 1996
(ii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II of 1998
(iii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III of 2002/2003 and
(iv) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey IV of 2004
There has been a long-felt need for monitoring the effects of the policies of government and different donor contribution have on the well-being of the Zambian population. Therefore, a new Unit was set up within the social statistics branch of the CSO, called the Living Conditions Monitoring Unit (LCMU) of which a Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) would be the core activity.
Funded by a Norwegian Government Grant through the World Bank, the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey of 1996 (LCMS 1996) was intended to highlight and monitor living conditions of the Zambian society. It includes a set of priority indicators on poverty and living conditions to be repeated regularly. The LCMS 1996 had a normative point of departure aimed at illustrating living conditions that require policy action. Data collection for the LCMS 1996 was carried out from September to November 1996. Immediately after the data collection was completed, manual editing started and this was followed by data processing.
The following were the main objectives of the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey:-
- To give rapid and reliable information on key indicators of living conditions and poverty on a regular basis.
- To serve as a national baseline to which surveys covering vulnerable groups, special items or geographical areas could be compared.
- As need arises, modules covering additional dimensions or expanding on those in the core module could be added, based on a request from an organization responsible for a particular aspect of social sector development either on an adhoc, or at regular intervals.
- Target groups can be given special attention, both by extending the sample or by giving them an extended questionnaire specifically designed to describe their situation.
- To give different users a system of social indicators against which to monitor development.
- To provide a flexible and cost-effective data collection system, which is comparable and standardized.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Households
- Individuals
Scope
In order to follow the internationally accepted list of living conditions components, as well as taking into account information needs in the Zambian society, the LCMS included the following core components:-
- Health
- Education
- Income
- Expenditures
- Assets
- Nutrition
- Demography and migration
- Income generating activities
- Housing conditions and household amenities
- Access to facilities
In addition to the core components, the following components were included:-
- Household coping strategies
- Food production
- Victimization
- Political participation
- Opinions on gender roles
- Child issues
Coverage
The LCMS 1996 was conducted nationwide on a sample basis and covered both rural and urban areas of all the districts in the country.
The eligible household population consisted of all civilian households. Excluded from the sample were institutional populations in hospitals, boarding schools, prisons, hotels, refugee camps, orphanages, military camps and bases and diplomats accredited to Zambia in embassies and high commissions. Private households living around these institutions were included such as teachers whose houses are within the premises of the school, doctors and other workers living on or around hospital premises. Persons who were in hospitals, boarding schools, etc but were usual members of households were covered in the survey.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance and National Planning | Government of Republic of Zambia |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Government of Norway | Funding |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Statistics Norway | Government of Norway | Technical support |
| Social Recovery Project | World Bank | Managing survey funds as a component of the Social Fund |
| Population and Social Statistics Division | Central Statistical Office | Survey Management |
| Living Conditions Monitoring Unit staff | Central Statistical Office | Carrying out the survey program |
Sampling
The LCMS1 covered all the nine (9) provinces of Zambia, both rural and urban areas on a sample basis. The domains of study and data disaggregation for this survey were:-
- Rural
- Urban
- Province
- District
Stratification
The country is made up of 9 provinces comprising 57 districts delineated by the local government administration. CSO has delineated the districts into Census Supervisory Areas (CSAs) and then these into Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs). Each CSA is made up of about 3 SEAs. The districts are made up of 4,193 Census Supervisory Areas (CSAs) out of which 3,231 are rural and 962 are urban. Further stratification was done using urban/rural and centrality as stratifying variables. (See Appendix II for definition of Centrality). The urban SEAs have been classified into low cost, medium cost or high cost depending on the type of housing in the area. Within the selected rural SEAs households have been classified on the basis of the type of agricultural activity in the area into small scale, large scale, medium scale and nonagricultural households.
Sampling frame
The sampling frame consisted of 4,193 CSAs and 12,999 SEAs. It was obtained from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. The computer package QUATRO PRO was used to sort the data by rural/urban, by centrality and by low cost, medium cost and high cost to form strata. All in all, the frame gives information on the population size of each SEA throughout the country, the number of households, information about rural/urban, centrality as described in Appendix II, stratum number, the number of SEAs to be selected from each stratum.
Sample size
A sample of 610 SEAs was selected. Only one SEA was selected from each CSA (262 SEAs were selected from the urban stratum and 348 from the rural stratum).
Allocation
Allocation of SEAs to provinces was done using the "modified equal allocation" method. This simply means that allocation is first done equally across all the provinces by dividing the sample size by the number of provinces. In this case it meant that each province was to get 67 SEAs. However, considering other factors such as the population size of the provinces, heterogeneity or homogeneity of the province and also using the probability proportional to size method, additions and subtractions were made accordingly for all stages of allocation. First, allocation was done on provinces considering the variables mentioned above. Then allocation was done at district level in the same way. Within the districts, allocation was done by rural/urban by the same method. Within the rural and urban strata, allocation was done considering centrality of the SEAs so as to increase the probability of including even the remote areas in the sample. The minimum size for each district sample was 7 SEAs (See Appendix I).
Listing
In each selected SEA, households were listed and each household given a unique sampling serial number. A circular systematic sample of households was then selected. Vacant residential housing units and non-contact households were not assigned sampling serial numbers.
The circular systematic sampling method assumes that the households are arranged in a circle and the following relationship applies (Kalton, 1983):-
Let N = nk
were, N = Total number of households listed in a stratum
n = Total sample required from a stratum
k = The sampling interval in a given stratum calculated as k = N/n
Therefore, for the urban strata, k = N/25, because 25 households were selected from each SEA in the sample.
And for the rural strata, k = N/15, as 15 households were selected from each rural SEA. In the rural areas, 7 households were selected from the stratum of small scale farmers, 5 from the medium scale, 3 from the non-agricultural and all the large scale households if any. Therefore, the number of selected households was more where there were large scale farmers. The N was different for each SEA depending on how many households were identified as large scale in the listing. At this stage, a random-start number was obtained using a table of random numbers. This number was between 1 and N. The household whose random number lay between 1 and the random start was the first to be selected. Then k, the sampling interval was added to the sampling serial number of each selected household in the respective strata until the required n was achieved. All in all 6,550 urban households were selected and 5,220 were selected from the rural stratum.
Panel design
The panel design of sampling was chosen to allow for monitoring of change. In this case, half of the households in each SEA were retained for re-interview in the next round of the LCMS. The N this time was the number of selected and canvassed households and the small n half this number. The households were selected using the circular systematic sampling method just as above. For example, if 25 households are canvassed in one urban SEA, then k = 25/13.
It was noticed that when allocating sample sizes at district level, some districts did not have a population size big enough to be representative, therefore, it was decided that these be collapsed into one. This was done in Southern Province where Gwembe and Siavonga districts were collapsed and in North-Western Province where Mufumbwe and Kasempa districts were collapsed (See Appendix I).
After enumeration, all the SEAs had to be blow up to represent the whole stratum population. The weight to be attached to the observation variable is computed as the reciprocal of the product of selection probabilities. The formula is provided in section 5.7 of the Data User's Guide available in External Resources.
Survey instrument
Four basic instruments were used in collecting data during the survey. These are the listing form and 3 types of questionnaires. That is, the household questionnaire, the individual questionnaire which was administered to all persons in the sample 12 years and above, and the child questionnaire which was administered to all persons in the sample 11 years and below. In addition Standard Enumeration Area (SEA) maps, enumerators and supervisors instruction manuals, kitchen scales, mother-baby weighing scales and length/height boards for measuring under-five (5) children, were also used.The questionnaires were developed by staff of the Living Conditions Monitoring Unit (LCMU). The LCMU staff utilized the experienced from the Priority Surveys and Living Conditions Surveys conducted in other countries to develop the questionnaires.
Data collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 1996-08-29 | 1996-11-29 | Listing, Enumeration, Group Editing |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Living Conditions Monitoring Unit | Central Statistical Office, Zambia |
There were 81 supervisors in total and 320 enumerators that underwent training. Supervisor responsibilities included performing the sampling at household level and editing the work of their enumerators throughout the enumeration period.During the final part of data collection - group editing, the supervisors swapped their work and edited it under the supervision of master trainers.
The field survey operations of the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey-I were responsible for :-
- Ensuring effective planning and timely execution of the survey
- Developing and finalizing survey questionnaires
- Writing of enumerators’ and supervisors’ instruction manuals
- Conducting and analysing a pretest
- Training of field staff
- Designing quality control instruments and procedures
- Preparing field materials, equipment and other logistical aspects of field work
- Overseeing the data collection
- Supervising data entry operators
The duties of the survey staff in conducting the 1996 LCMS were :
- Ensuring effective planning and timely execution of the survey
- Developing and finalizing survey questionnaires
- Writing of enumerators’ and supervisors’ instruction manuals
- Conducting and analyzing a pretest
- Training of field staff
- Designing quality control instruments and procedures
- Preparing field materials, equipment and other logistical aspects of field work
- Supervising data-entry operators
- Tabulation, analysis, report writing and dissemination
Four basic instruments were used in collecting data during the survey: the listing form and the 3 types of questionnaire. Training of field staff took place in three phases. The first stage was the training of Master trainers, regional statisticians and provincial statistical officers. 9 master trainers, 9 regional statisticians and 9 provincial statistical officers were trained in Lusaka. This first phase training lasted 1 week. This was immediately followed by another week of supervisor’s training in Lusaka. The total number of supervisors were 81. The training of enumerators took place in provincial centers during a 2 week period. A total of 320 enumerators underwent training.
The data collection for the survey started towards the end of August, 1996 and lasted until the end of November 1996. It was divided into 3 major parts:
- Listing:
- Enumeration of households
- Group editing--The supervisors swapped their work and edited it under the supervision of master trainers.
Data processing
Computer data processing began with the training of the data-entry operators. Their training took two weeks. A total of 22 data entry operators were trained in September, 1996. The data entry was done in the provincial centres using IMPS (Integrated Microcomputer Processing System) software. This software was developed by the United States Bureau of Census. It has three components; CENTRY - for data entry and verification, CONCOR - for range, skip and consistency checks in the data and CENTS- for tabulation. CENTS was not used. Data entry lasted one and half months. The software that was used for tabulation and analysis is called SAS (Statistical Analysis System). It was also designed in the U.S.A. and is capable of handling huge data sets. In addition, it has the capability to produce frequency tables, cross tabulations, averages, regression and other statistical computations. The cleaning of data was done using SAS with the help of the Q-Editor. A software called EPI-INFO was used to produce tables on Anthropometry.
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Director | Central Statistical Office | http://www.zamstats.gov.zm | info@zamstats.gov.zm |
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | Confidentiality of respondents is guaranteed under the provisions of the Census and Statistics Act,CAP 127 of the laws of Zambia. Before being granted access, to the dataset, all users have to formally agree: - To make no copies of any files or portions of files to which s/he is granted access except those authorized by the data depositor - Not to use any technique in an attempt to learn the identity of any person,establishment or sampling unit not identified on public use data files - To hold in strictest confidence the identification of any establishment or individual that may be inadvertently revealed in any documents or discussion or analysis. Such inadvertent identification revealed in her/his analysis will be immediately brought to the attention of the data depositor. |
The Director will authorise any request for information made
The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only
No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents and no use will be made of the identintity of any person or establishment
Central Statistical Office, Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 1996 (LCMSI 1196), Version 1 of the public use dataset 1997), provided by the CSO Data Archives
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
[C] 1996, Central Statistical Office
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Director | Central Statistical Office | info@zamstats.gov.zm | http://www.zamstats.gov.zm |
Metadata production
DDI_ZMB_1996_LCMS-I_v01_M
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Economics Data Group | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
2012-08-21
Metadata version
Version 01 (August 2012)