Women’s Labor Force Participation in Nepal 2023: An Exploration of The Role of Social Norms

Nepal, 2023

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Reference ID

NPL_2023_WLFP_v01_M

Producer(s)

World Bank

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Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON

Created on

Jun 06, 2024

Last modified

Jun 06, 2024

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Data file: npl_sn_regress.dta

Individual level data

Cases:	2000
Variables:	484

Variables

M3C

Women don't/shouldn't work outside: SNE

M3D

Women don't/shouldn't go outside unaccompanied: SNE

M3E

Women working outside for pay brings dishonor: SNE

M3F

Women working outside for pay exposes them to harassment: SNE

M3G

Women don't/shouldn't leave children: SNE

M3H

Women don't/shouldn't work in mixed-gender: SNE

M4A

A woman's primary responsibility taking care of hh: SEE

M4B

Financially providing solely a man's responsibility: SEE

M4C

Women don't/shouldn't work outside: SEE

M4D

Women don't/shouldn't go outside unaccompanied: SEE

M4E

Women working outside for pay brings dishonor: SEE

M4F

Women working outside for pay exposes them to harassment: SEE

M4G

Women don't/shouldn't leave children: SEE

M4H

Women don't/shouldn't work in mixed-gender: SEE

M5A

A woman's primary responsibility taking care of hh: Sanc.

M5B

Financially providing solely a man's responsibility: Sanc.

M5C

Women don't/shouldn't work outside: Sanc.

M5D

Women don't/shouldn't go outside unaccompanied: Sanc.

M5G

Women don't/shouldn't leave children: Sanc.

M5H

Women don't/shouldn't work in mixed-gender: Sanc.

M5Abin

A woman's primary responsibility taking care of hh: Sanc.

M5Bbin

Financially providing solely a man's responsibility: Sanc.

M5Cbin

Women don't/shouldn't work outside: Sanc.

M5Dbin

Women don't/shouldn't go outside unaccompanied: Sanc.

M5Gbin

Women don't/shouldn't leave children: Sanc.

M5Hbin

Women don't/shouldn't work in mixed-gender: Sanc.

M6A

Aspirations: Daughter work outside

M6B

Aspirations: Married daughter work outside

M6C

Aspirations: Daughter with children work outside

M6D

Aspirations: Daughter-in-law work outside

M6E

Aspirations: Daughter-in-law with children work outside

binM6A

Aspirations: Daughter work outside

binM6B

Aspirations: Married daughter work outside

binM6C

Aspirations: Daughter with children work outside

binM6D

Aspirations: Daughter-in-law work outside

binM6E

Aspirations: Daughter-in-law with children work outside

rgextent_le_spouse

Life events opinion: Spouse EXTENT

rgextent_le_hhfam

Life events opinion: HH members EXTENT

rgextent_le_othfam

Life events opinion: Non-HH family EXTENT

rgextent_le_comm

Life events opinion: Community EXTENT

rgextent_le_othfam_fam

Life events opinion: Non-HH family EXTENT for HH members

rgextent_le_comm_fam

Life events opinion: Community EXTENT for HH members

rgextent_pw_spouse

Paid work outside opinion: Spouse EXTENT

rgextent_pw_hhfam

Paid work outside opinion: HH members EXTENT

rgextent_pw_othfam

Paid work outside opinion: Non-HH family EXTENT

rgextent_pw_comm

Paid work outside opinion: Community EXTENT

rgextent_pw_othfam_fam

Paid work outside opinion: Non-HH family EXTENT for HH members

rgextent_pw_comm_fam

Paid work outside opinion: Community EXTENT for HH members

N1__1

is married :PNB

N1__2

has children under 5 looked after by family :PNB

N1__3

has children under 5 looked after by non-family :PNB

N1__4

has non-working no-income husband :PNB

N1__5

has working husband previously unemployed :PNB

N1__6

is unable to keep up with all household tasks w/o help :PNB

N1__7

returns home from work after 5 pm :PNB

N1__8

has migrant husband no remittances :PNB

N1__9

works in a government job :PNB

N1__10

is well educated :PNB

N1__11

has workplace not close to home :PNB

N1__12

has job that pays very well :PNB

N1__13

has to occasionally travel for work outside village/city :PNB

N1__14

has physically demanding job :PNB

N1__15

works in a hotel/restaurant :PNB

N2__1

is married :SNE

N2__2

has children under 5 looked after by family :SNE

N2__3

has children under 5 looked after by non-family :SNE

N2__4

has non-working no-income husband :SNE

N2__5

has working husband previously unemployed :SNE

N2__6

is unable to keep up with all household tasks w/o help :SNE

N2__7

returns home from work after 5 pm :SNE

N2__8

has migrant husband no remittances :SNE

N2__9

works in a government job :SNE

N2__10

is well educated :SNE

N2__11

has workplace not close to home :SNE

N2__12

has job that pays very well :SNE

N2__13

has to occasionally travel for work outside village/city :SNE

N2__14

has physically demanding job :SNE

N2__15

works in a hotel/restaurant :SNE

It is sometimes hard for me to go on with my work if I am not encouraged

I sometimes feel resentful when I don’t get my way

On a few occasions, I have given up doing something because I thought too little

There have been times when I felt like rebelling against people in authority eve

No matter who I’m talking to, I’m always a good listener

There have been occasions when I took advantage of someone

I’m always willing to admit it when I make a mistake

I sometimes try to get even rather than forgive and forget

I am always courteous, even to people who are disagreeable

S10

I have never been irked when people expressed ideas very different from my own

S11

There have been times when I was quite jealous of the good fortune of others

S12

I am sometimes irritated by people who ask favors of me

S13

I have deliberately said something that hurt someone’s feelings

comments

Comments from enumerators

notes

NOTES FOR OUTLIER

ever_migrated_male

Dummy for male ever migrated, domestic or int.

ever_migrated_spouse

Dummy for spouse ever migrated, domestic or int.

migrationstatus_spouse_dummy

Dummy for migration status of spouse

yearsince2023_stopwork

Number of years as of 2023 since respondent stopped working, if not currently wo

work30_marriedfem

Worked in past 30 days: Self if female, wife's status if male

paidwork30_marriedfem

Paid work in past 30 days: Self if fem, wife's if male

workedever_marriedfem

Ever worked: Self if female, wife's status if male

work_location_marriedfem

Location of job: Self if female, wife's location if male

lookforwork_marriedfem

Looking for work: Self if female, wife's status if male

working_fem

Indicator for female (self/wife of male) worked in past 30 days

paidwork_fem

Indicator for female (self/wife of male) worked for pay in past 30 days

lookforwork_fem

Indicator for female (self/wife of male) looking for work

working_dependvar

Female (self/wife of male) worked last 30 days or looking for work

worklocation_fem

Female's (self/wife of male) location of current or last job

flfp_outcome

Female works for pay outside the home (Individual Behavior)

female

Respondent is female

age_sq

Respodent's age in years, squared

age_35

Indicator for age 35 years or above

educ_years

years of education, derived from education level

educ_yrs_f

years of education for females, derived from education level

educ_yrs_m

bagmati

Respondent lives in Bagmati province

madheshi

Respodent belongs to Madheshi (non-Dalit) ethnic group

urban

Respondent lives in urban area

inc_hh

Household's total income (NPR)

log_totinc_hh

Log of household's total income (NPR)

log_totinc_hhlessfem

Log of household's total income less working females' earned income (NPR)

count_children

Number of respondent's children

count_children_female

Number of respondent's female children

count_children_male

Number of respondent's male children

count_childrenunder5

Number of respondent's children under 5 years

count_childrenunder18

Number of respondent's children under 18 years

count_adolesgirls

Number of adolescent girls in respondent's HH

count_females10plusnotwork

Number of other females (adolescents or older) in respondent's HH who are not wo

count_workingage

Number of working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members

count_workingagefem

Number of female working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members

count_workingagemale

Number of male working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members

count_lf_s_fem

Number of female working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members in labor force inc. study

count_lf_fem

Number of female working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members in labor force

count_lf_s_male

Number of male working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members in labor force inc. study

count_lf_male

Number of male working-age (>=18 & <=59) HH members in labor force

MaleHHhead

Indicator for a male member as head of HH

MIL

Mother-in-law lives in the HH

FIL

Father-in-law lives in the HH

PIL

At least one among MIL and FIL live in the HH

child_under5

Indicator for respondent having child younger than 5 years

child_under18

Indicator for respondent having child younger than 18 years

chcare_use

Indicator for use of childcare options when working

ever_worked_fem

Indicator for female (self/wife of male) ever worked

ease_jobsearch

Exp. job search duration<=2 mnths for not working or ever worked

ease_jobsearch_2mnths

Dummy for women who took <= 2 months to find a job (current or last)

job_srch_res_nonet

Respondent is aware of non-network methods of job search

job_srch_mthd_nonet

Respodent used non-network methods to find job (curret or last)

transport

Transportation to work is acessible &/or safe &/or convenient

travel_sac

Safe/accesible/convenient trasport to work, inc. 1 if wfh

written_contract

Had written contract for those not working but looking for work

written_agreement

Respodent has/had written work agreement

work_written_contract

Has written agreement for work

duration_agreement_1yr

Respodent's work agreement duration is/was at least 1 year

oth_fem_hh_lf_num

Number of other working-age women in HH in labor force (ex. studying)

oth_fem_hh_lf

Presence of other working-age women in HH in labor force (ex. studying)

work_30_female

Indicator for females worked in last 30 days

mig_hh_female

Indicator for females with migrant spouses

mig_hh

Indicator for migrant HHs

ever_mig_male

Indicator for male resp. ever migrated

adolescent_girls

Indicator for adolescent girl(s) in respondent's HH

females10plusnotwork

Indicator for other females (adolescents or older) in respondent's HH who are no

po_indexsum_all

Personal Opinion Index

ne_indexsum_all

Normative Expectations Index

ee_indexsum_all

Empirical Expectations Index

po_indexsum_hh

Personal Opinion Index - HH Roles

po_indexsum_hh_f

Personal Opinion Index - HH Roles, Females

po_indexsum_hh_m

Personal Opinion Index - HH Roles, Males

po_indexsum_public

Personal Opinion Index - Public sphere

po_indexsum_public_f

Personal Opinion Index - Public sphere, Females

po_indexsum_public_m

Personal Opinion Index - Public sphere, Males

ne_indexsum_hh

Normative Expectations Index - HH Roles

ne_indexsum_hh_f

Normative Expectations Index - HH Roles, Females

ne_indexsum_hh_m

Normative Expectations Index - HH Roles, Males

ne_indexsum_public

Normative Expectations Index - Public sphere

ne_indexsum_public_f

Normative Expectations Index - Public sphere, Females

ne_indexsum_public_m

Normative Expectations Index - Public sphere, Males

ee_indexsum_hh

Empirical Expectations Index - HH Roles

ee_indexsum_hh_f

Empirical Expectations Index - HH Roles, Females

ee_indexsum_hh_m

Empirical Expectations Index - HH Roles, Males

ee_indexsum_public

Empirical Expectations Index - Public sphere

ee_indexsum_public_f

Empirical Expectations Index - Public sphere, Females

ee_indexsum_public_m

Empirical Expectations Index - Public sphere, Males

sanc_indexsum

Sanctions Index (includes childacre norm)

sanc_indexsum_f

Sanctions Index (includes childacre norm), Females

sanc_indexsum_m

Sanctions Index (includes childacre norm), Males

Total: 484

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