Riverine species are adapted to natural habitat changes caused by seasonal flood-pulses. However, abrupt river
channel changes following flooding events intersect with social systems of land and water management (e.g. agriculture,
fisheries) and in turn generate significant consequences for conservation of endangered aquatic species.
We investigated tradeoffs between changing river habitat availability and exposure to fishing intensity for a small
population of Ganges River dolphins Platanista gangetica gangetica in the Karnali basin of Nepal. A major natural
flooding event in the Karnali basin in 2010 caused the river channel to shift from the Geruwa (flows through a
protected area where fishing is restricted) to the Karnali channel (high fishing activity, agriculture-dominated),
where dolphins moved in response. Based on our survey data (2009–2015) and long-term hydrological trends in
the basin, we found that irrigation diversions since 2012 had aggravated fishing impacts on dolphins, suggesting
that their new habitat had become an ‘ecological trap’. Regression models showed that at low river depths, fishing
intensity negatively affected dolphin abundance, but at higher depths no effect of fishing was observed. Two
records of dolphin bycatch in gillnets confirmed this, as both events corresponded with periods of sudden increase
in water abstraction for irrigation. Overall, dolphin distribution shifted downstream and the population
declined from 11 in 2012 to 6 in 2015. Effective protection of this river dolphin population from extinction will
require the Government of Nepal to prioritize ecologically adequate river flow regimes for implementing efficient
irrigation schemes and adaptive fisheries regulations in the Karnali basin.