This contribution discusses ways and limits to energy-efficient and climate adapted building in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in the context of current socio-economic development and the resulting new energy-use behaviour and life-style changes. Constraints resulting from socio-economic and the institutional context towards energy-efficiency in housing are introduced. The climate in HCMC and the related characteristics of thermal comfort perception are discussed as the natural context of new buildings as well as the existing building stock that is to be retrofitted. In this context bioclimatic and passive measures in tropical climate, mechanical cooling and building design concepts are discussed as practical measures. Further policies and other means to promote energy-efficient housing in the distinct market of Vietnam are introduced.