Understanding the environmental consequences and socio-economic importance of dams is vital in assessing the
effects of the Bamendjin dam in the development of agrarian communities in the Upper Noun Valley (UNV) in
Northwest Cameroon. The Bamendjin dam drainage basin and its floodplain are endowed with abundant water
resources and rich biodiversity, however, poverty is still a dominant factor that accounts for unsustainable
management of natural resources by the majority of rural inhabitants in the area. The dam was created in 1975
and has since then exacerbated the environmental conditions and human problems of the region due to lack of
flood control during rainy seasons, lost hope of improved navigation system, unclean drinking water sources,
population growth, rising unemployment, deteriorating environmental health issues, resettlement problems and
land use conflicts, especially farmer-herder conflicts. Despite hopes created by increased production of irrigated
swamp rice, introduced to be a major cash crop, socio-economic and ecological problems have significantly
reduced its chances of sustainable livelihood and poverty alleviation. Our study addresses the socio-economic
implications of the Bamendjin dam as a rural development project to support rice production and other
agro-pastoral activities and also examines related rural livelihood problems such as displacement of local
communities and transformation of the landscape ecology. Stakeholders need to put in place an institutional
framework for decision-making and policy implementation in order to realize the desired benefits of the dam and
reverse its adverse effects on the UNV and its environs.