Background: Low birth weight (LBW) remains to be a leading cause of neonatal death and a major contributor to infant and
under-five mortality. Its prevalence has not declined in the last decade in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Asia. Some individual
level factors have been identified as risk factors for LBW but knowledge is limited on contextual risk factors for LBW
especially in SSA.
Methods: Contextual risk factors for LBW in Ghana were identified by performing multivariable multilevel logistic regression
analysis of 6,900 mothers dwelling in 412 communities that participated in the 2003 and 2008 Demographic and Health
Surveys in Ghana.
Results: Contextual-level factors were significantly associated with LBW: Being a rural dweller increased the likelihood of
having a LBW infant by 43% (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.01–2.01; P-value ,0.05) while living in poverty-concentrated communities
increased the risk of having a LBW infant twofold (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.29–3.61; P-value ,0.01). In neighbourhoods with a high
coverage of safe water supply the odds of having a LBW infant reduced by 28% (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.57–0.96; P-value ,0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed contextual risk factors to have independent effects on the prevalence of LBW infants. Being
a rural dweller, living in a community with a high concentration of poverty and a low coverage of safe water supply were
found to increase the prevalence of LBW infants. Implementing appropriate community-based intervention programmes
will likely reduce the occurrence of LBW infants.