Past research on the influence of conditional cash transfers (CCTs)—widespread anti-poverty programs—on migration has focused on the household as a harmonious unit. Drawing on feminist critiques of the welfare state, this paper views both CCT programs and migration decision-making from a gendered, social control lens. CCTs actually rely on the informal work of women to manage other family members in order to fulfill program requirements. This paper contends that CCTs emphasize traditional gender responsibilities for women as mothers and caretakers, which constrain them to the domestic sphere and limit their likelihood of migration. Using event history models and data from the Mexican Family Life Survey, the analysis finds evidence supporting the hypothesis that CCT participation disproportionately limits migration for women over men. The paper broadly argues that such anti-poverty programs are not monolithically positive and emphasizes the importance of studying micro-level events for better understanding macro-level trends in migration and development policy.