Introduction: birth weight is vital to the development potential of the newborn. Abnormal birth weight
(such as low birth weight and macrosomia) is an important determinant of child survival, disabilities,
stunting, and long-term adverse consequences for the onset of non-communicable diseases in the life
course and therefore demands appropriate public health interventions. Stillbirths are also considered one
of the most important, but most poorly understood and documented adverse outcomes of pregnancy.
Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of abnormal birth weight and related maternal risk
factors, as well as pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth.
Methods: a retrospective study design was used to analyze 4262 delivery records for singleton pregnancies
from January 2013 to December 2014 seen at the Hohoe municipal hospital, Volta region in
Ghana. The data on birth weight and related factors were derived from the delivery book. Data was
analyzed using STATA. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between maternal
factors such as parity, age and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria, sex of infant and
abnormal birth weight. Association between stillbirth and related factors was assessed using logistic
regression.
Results: prevalence of low birth weight (o2.5 kg) was 9.69% and macrosomia (Z4.0 kg) was 3.03%.
There was an increased risk of a first born being of low birth weight than second or third born (RR; 2.04,
CI; 1.59–2.64, po0.0001). There were also an increased risks of mothers o20 years giving birth to lowbirthweight
infants (RR; 1.46, CI; 1.11–1.93, p¼0.007) compared to mothers who were within the age
ranges of 20–30 years and also among those who took only one (RR; 1.57, CI; 1.02–2.39, p¼0.039) or no
intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy (RR; 1.57, CI; 1.24–1.98, p¼ o0.0001)
compared to those who took three doses. Risk of macrosomic birth was particularly high among 5th born
(RR; 2.66, CI; 1.43–4.95, p¼0.002) compared to first or second born. Stillbirth rate was 27/1000 births.
Thirty-two percent of the stillbirths (n¼38) had low birth weight whereas 6.8% (n¼8) were macrosomic.
There was a greater than fivefold (AOR; 5.6, CI; 3.6–8.7) and greater than twofold (AOR; 2.4, CI; 1.1–5.3,
p¼0.025) increase in odds for stillbirth among low birth weight and macrosomic infants respectively.
Conclusion: macrosomia and low birth weight co-existed among infants in Hohoe municipality, both of
which are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome such as stillbirth. Given the apparent association
between maternal age o20 years and increased risk, health promotion strategies aimed at preventing
pregnancies among teenagers could be implemented to aid the reduction of stillbirth rates.