This thesis explores the tensions between biodiversity conservation and agricultural
development in a legal context in Rwanda, a small and poor African developing country. It
does so against the backdrop of relevant international conventions, the relatively recent
constitutional dispensation in the country as well as the land reform process which has been
underway in the country over the last few decades. Partly based on the findings of an
empirical study, the core of the work outlines, examines and critically assesses relevant
domestic Rwandan policies, laws and institutions focusing on areas of particular concern
namely the laws applicable to the conservation of soil, water and genetic resources in
agriculture, including conservation of crop and livestock diversity. The conclusions and
recommendations are embedded in the need for policies, laws and institutions to
accommodate the increase in agricultural production to eradicate hunger, alleviate poverty as
well as a recognition of the interlinkages between agricultural development and biodiversity
conservation. The study concludes that Rwandan laws are inadequate in that they have been
disparately and inefficiently developed, that agricultural development and biodiversity
policies be revised to aim at sustainable agricultural development and that a coordinated
institutional framework with full involvement of all concerned stakeholders and appreciation
of local knowledge and sustainable agricultural practices is required. Specific legal, policy
and institutional shortfalls are highlighted including lack of implementing regulations;
omission of necessary legislative provisions on key areas in the biodiversity and agricultural
sectors and others. The work concludes by making specific recommendations and proposals
to reconcile the need to promote agricultural development while facilitating biodiversity
conservation and ultimately sustainable development.