We are in the midst of an unprecedented environmental crisis. Landscapes have become complex socialecological
systems in which anthropogenic activities and biophysical factors interact across multiple
scales. The integration of socio-economic development processes into conservation strategies as a means
of sustainable resource management requires a deep understanding of the interactions between human
activities and natural processes. Attempts to combine socio-economic and biological datasets for
analyses, however, have frequently been hampered by spatial, temporal and methodological incompatibilities.
In this study, we investigate the effects of human well-being on their environment in Liberia,
West Africa. More specifically, we tested whether regions with improved community and household
wealth, better education and access to market towns and fish protein, had higher levels of large mammal
species richness and densities of the flagship species of West African forests, the chimpanzee (Pan
troglodytes verus). Controlling for human pressure, forest cover and cultural diversity, we found that high
literacy rates and affordable fish protein correlated with high chimpanzee density. On the other hand,
areas with better economic and infrastructure development coincided with reduced large mammal
species richness compared to less developed areas. This indicates that wildlife depletion rates can only
be understood by including economic and social constraints. These results are important for informing
effective future conservation management strategies in Liberia and elsewhere in tropical Africa