This article investigates determinants of Chinas mortality levels and trends since
1981. Econometric results show that both economic development and social policies matter to survival
outcomes, but in different magnitudes for various mortality measures. Economic growth plays
a key role in reducing mortality in childhood and especially adulthood, and raises life expectancy.
Declining adult illiteracy is a critical factor in reducing child mortality and increasing life expectancy.
Stock of health practitioners, share of government expenditure for health and education,
and policy biases favoring cities and coastal areas selectively affect survival. Authors propose policies
for further reducing mortality in China today.