The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with early neonatal mortality and morbidity in the Bonassama district hospital. A cross-sectional and analytical survey was conducted from May 2013 to April 2014. A pre-test questionnaire was used to collect the different variable of the survey. The Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to investigate the associations of variables. The multivariate regression was permitted to analyze the associated factors. Of the 269 new-borns admitted, 75.4% were born at the Bonassama maternity, 51.5% were baby boys, 66.1% had a gestational age = 37 weeks. The most frequent exit diagnosis were neonatal infection (79.1%), Jaundice (41.6%), and prematurity (33.4%). The early neonatal mortality rate was estimated at 12.6%. The main causes of early neonatal mortality were prematurity (41.1%), neonatal infection (32.3%), neonatal asphyxia (26.4%). The factors associated with early neonatal mortality were among others, prematurity (OR = 21.3; 95%, IC (1.49 - 304.24), P<0.0001), neonatal asphyxia (OR=17.87; 95% IC (2.02 - 158.18), P <0.0001), respiratory distress (OR=130.37; 95% IC(9.28 - 1832.51), P <0.0001). Early neonatal mortality is strongly associated to prematurity. The prevention of risk factors should reduce the neonatal mortality. The management of the newborn must be organized from the community through the different levels of the sanitary pyramid to get a better luck of survival of the newborns.