We examine decentralisation in school-based education, with particular reference to two countries, Germany and the UK. The first section explores the notions of devolution and decentralisation. It examines different types of decentralisation and some of the ideas with which it is associated including, in education, improving educational standards. The second section considers the decentralisation of education in Germany and the UK. It examines the decentralisation of political authority, policies pursued at national and sub-national levels and the delegation of responsibilities to school level. It then compares achievement levels in the two case study countries and explores whether particular policies, pursued at sub-national levels, might be associated with differing levels of attainment. We argue that decentralisation in the field of education is multifaceted and complex, with different types of decentralisation co-existing. Our analysis suggests that certain policies, pursued as a result of decentralisation may be associated with different educational outcomes, but it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions particularly in light of the differing political, policy and socioeconomic contexts.