In the empirical literature, the concept of psychological well-being is an unexplored concept within sub-Saharan African populations of children. The current study used interviews, focus groups, and member checking within a qualitative approach to examine the culturally specific factors of psychological well-being for children, especially for girls, in northern Tanzania. The factors that make up resilience and vulnerability were identified through a comprehensive review of existing research to develop a semantic differential scale. The scale was then used as the basis for the data analysis gathered from children, teachers, parents, and caregivers to identify the culturally specific factors in Tanzania. The primary investigator, having been born and raised in the USA, partnered with translators and colleagues from the Arusha Mental Health Trust to ensure that transcription and understanding was not biased by the cultural background and experiences of the researcher. This chapter identifies those risk and protective factors which are the strongest indicators of resilience and vulnerability for this Tanzanian sample, which are similar to the risk and protective factors identified in other cultures. Reducing the vulnerability for girls requires better implementation of existing protection laws and supporting the traditional tribal structures of protection recently weakened by urbanization and the breakdown of closely knit and culturally homogenous communities. Increasing resilience includes equal opportunities for inheritance, education, access to family planning, and maternal health care as well as changing attitudes about gender equality.