Conservation conflicts can arise in biosphere reserves when local people face restrictions on resource use and access, mainly in terms of
subsistence. We studied the potential conservation conflict with subsistence hunting in two Maya communities (Los Petenes and El Remate)
located in the zone of influence of Los Petenes Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Perceptions, interests and expectations of stakeholders regarding
subsistence hunting in the reserve were recorded through semi-structured and in-depth interviews of peasant-hunters and reserve
authorities, and participant observation was carried out in both communities. A total of 66 peasant-hunters were identified in Los Petenes
(62%) and El Remate (38%). Overall, peasant-hunters acknowledged hunting for family subsistence and expressed the conviction to continue
hunting in the region. They mentioned their enthusiasm for hunting, mainly individually and aimed at obtaining white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) and perceived a recent reduction in potential prey locally. Although the law in Mexico does not prohibit subsistence hunting,
external authorities stated that they have announced a generalized ban on hunting based on the precautionary principle to simplify
enforcement both inside and outside the reserve. The de facto restriction on wildlife use, even for subsistence purposes, which was
mentioned by external actors, conflicted with the local need and expectation of the contemporary Maya hunters to continue subsistence
hunting in the region. Our study confirms the existence of a conservation conflict associated with this traditional practice in the reserve and
provides necessary information for managing such conflict.