Uganda is one country with fastest growing populations in the world and with more than 25 % of the population living in poverty. There is a rapid rural urban migration with increasing demands for food for low income earners especially in these areas. One way to mitigate food insecurity is to increase milk and meat production efficiency, and thus reproductive performance of cows is crucial for good production. A well-documented strategy for improving dairy cow productivity through faster genetic improvement is to breed dairy cows using proven semen via artificial insemination (AI). AI has been used in Uganda for over 60 years but only less than 10 %, a small population of the country’s herd has been bred that way. The aims were to study knowledge, attitude and practices factors influencing cow fertility results on dairy farms around Kampala using AI and to propose ways of promoting increased use of AI in Uganda. The study was conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala, Uganda. Data was collected through interviews of farmers breeding cows using AI (n=10) or natural mating (n=10); AI technicians (n=10) and semen vendor units (n=3). The results indicated many reasons limiting the use of AI. The outstanding reason for not using AI was said to be the poor pregnancy result from AI. Poor herd management and heat detection on farms as well as incorrect handling of semen by AI technicians indicated how knowledge gaps and improper practices jeopardize the outcome of AI and thereby also the extent of the use of AI. Furthermore, poor administration of AI activity at national level such as lack of central records database and reporting format as well as lack of breeding regulation authority to register and manage technicians were evident shortfalls.