Many studies aimed at assessing human attitudes towards and negative interactions
(conflicts) with carnivores, such as wolves (Canis lupus) and bears (Ursus arctos), have
been conducted throughout the world. Although villagers in Armenia have reported
conflicts with these species and the government recently introduced a wolf-culling
program, no such attitude studies had been conducted in Armenia. In an effort to
understand more about human attitudes and interactions with these species in Armenia,
23 rural communities were surveyed using focus groups and interviews in July 2012. The
types and locations of conflicts that villagers reported experiencing with wolves and
bears, the mitigation measures currently being used by villagers, and their attitudes
towards wolves, bears and wildlife management policies were documented. Differences
were found in the severity and types of conflicts experienced by villagers across the
surveyed communities, but no social or geographic variables were identified to explain
the variation. Conflicts with wolves centered on wolves attacking livestock, namely cows
xi
and sheep, and domestic animals, namely horse and dogs. Conflicts with bears mainly
involved damage to orchards, crops, beehives, fences and livestock. Over half of the
surveyed communities described a sense of frustration and defenselessness because of a
lack of support from the government and an overall difficulty with managing conflicts.
Participation in the wolf-culling program was very low and attitudes towards wildlife
management policies were mostly negative. Current wildlife management policies in
Armenia are not effective in helping communities deal with human-wildlife conflicts, and
conflicts with wildlife seem to be further exacerbated by conflicts with management
policies. Therefore, it is recommended that a participatory human-wildlife conflict
management plan, with stakeholder involvement, be pursued in Armenia, as well as more
outreach and education to affected communities.