Recently, some Egyptian scholars have questioned the continuing need for government support of family planning programs. High fertility and population growth, they contend, are no longer serious concerns in Egypt. There is evidence of complacency among some policymakers and scholars regarding the need to reduce fertility and population growth rates. However, deeper examination of current trends suggests that population growth should still concern Egyptian policymakers. If the fertility declines of recent decades are to be sustained and the government of Egypt is to achieve its goal of reducing fertility to replacement-level by 2O16, it must support a strong family planning program that can continue to provide high-quality services and reach more potential users. Financing this program will increasingly depend on the Egyptian government's resources. Using existing demographic research, this paper examines demographic trends and their implications for Egypt. It addresses three questions: What are current population challenges in Egypt? How will addressing these challenges benefit Egypt? What are the future challenges?