The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of neurological diseases in a rural community in Eastern India through a community based survey with the help of trained doctors following on WHO protocol (1981) translated in local vernacular, among 20842 rural residents (male-11037, female-9805, census India-1991, the State of West Bengal in Eastern India) over a period of one yearfrom May 1992 to April 1993 in two phases. Professionals screened the patients by house to house survey in the first phase and later on they were examined in details in temporary clinics in second phase. A total of 606 patients were identified and classified according to well-defined diagnostic criteria. The commonest diseases per 100,000 were headache: 870, vertebral diseases with neurological involvement: 540, seizure disorders: 360, vertigo: 230, stroke: 147, movement disorders: 140, peripheral neuropathy: 80. The age and sex specific prevalence showed increasing frequency of neurological disorders with advancing age in both genders excepting slight dip in the fourth and fifth decades among females. In the present study prevalence of headache, epilepsy, stroke and Parkinson's disease was lower than that of in the Western countries. Different inclusion criteria, multiethnicity, different environmental factors, poor medical facility and insufficient number of aged population may be responsible for lower prevalence of chronic neurological disorders as compared to Western countries. Increase in the life expectancy in future will lead to increasing burden of chronic neurological diseases in absolute term in Indian society considering the one billion population at present.