Objective To assess levels, trends and gaps between the poorest and the richest in selected health and human development indicators in Bangladesh. Methods Data for selected indicators associated with sociodemographic characteristics among ever-married women, contraception use, child vaccination, antenatal care practices and health conditions were extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 1993–94, 1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2004 and 2007. Results for the whole sample and for the poorest and the richest wealth quintiles are presented. Findings Positive trends were noted in urbanization, availability of electricity, age at first marriage, use of modern contraception, access to skilled antenatal care, child vaccination, knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and overweight and obesity. In contrast, negative trends were seen in factors such as literacy, infant and child mortality, fertility rate, home delivery and malnutrition and underweight. However, changes in these indicators differed between the poorest and richest quintiles. For instance, only the richest quintile experienced rapid urbanization, whereas illiteracy declined more among the poorest. Noteworthy gaps were found in almost all factors. Rich–poor gaps in urbanization, age at marriage, fertility, condom use, home delivery and overweight increased; in contrast, gaps in education, water and sanitation, use of contraception (except condoms) and child vaccination declined. Conclusion Persistent inequities in Bangladesh endanger equitable and sustainable human development in When surveyed about their fertility, women in Bangladesh have indicated that they are having more children over their lifetimes than what they express as their ideal family size. This presence of “excess fertility” has severe consequences for these women and their children, as well as for broader economic and social development goals. The recent invention of microcredit may be an effective strategy to help these women achieve their lower desired family size earlier in the development process. This study first looks at the theoretical pathways through which credit can work to change fertility and then presents an empirical analysis of the impact of credit on excess fertility for a sample of women in Bangladesh. The results indicate that credit does have an effect on lowering the excess fertility of a woman, and thus credit programs are an effective way of helping women to achieve a more desired family size, both according to their own preferences and in terms of a broader development standpoint . Pro-poor development strategies based on the principles of equity and quality should be implemented to narrow existing gaps and further promote holistic, equitable human development