The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is the largest and most ambitious international study of mathematics and science achievement ever undertaken with more than 500,000 students in 41 countries being tested in mathematics and science at three different year levels. South Africa is the first country in Africa to have participated in and successfully completed such a comprehensive international survey in science and mathematics education. This report provides detailed information about TIMSS and highlights the results of the performance of middle school students in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa.