Apartheid deliberately sought to keep black South Africans from becoming productive citizens. Offered only ‘Bantu education’ and a life in urban townships or rural Bantustans – far from economic centres, over-populated and economically unviable – the legacy of apartheid was mass poverty and the world’s worst inequality. The post-apartheid South African government made poverty eradication a key policy goal, and by any measure has spent an enormous amount of money – over a trillion Rand in some estimates – to improve conditions for the poor.