Enterprise Survey 2008
Afghanistan, 2008
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AFG_2008_ES_v01_M_WB
Enterprise Survey 2008
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Afghanistan | AFG |
Enterprise Survey [en/oth]
An Enterprise Survey is a firm-level survey of a representative sample of an economy's private sector. Firm-level surveys have been conducted since 1998 by different units within the World Bank. Since 2005-06, most data collection efforts have been centralized within the Enterprise Analysis Unit. The Enterprise Surveys are conducted every three to four years across all geographic regions and cover small, medium, and large companies. Data are used to create indicators that benchmark the quality of the business and investment climate across countries.
The Afghanistan Enterprise Survey 2008 was a nationwide survey to gather information and opinions about the business environment in the country. The survey covered over 1000 businesses.
The objective of the Enterprise Survey was to generate establishment-level quantitative and qualitative information that will help evaluate the performance of business enterprises and identify constraints to doing business. The survey was designed to provide indicators of Afghanistan's investment climate and business performance that can be used to identify reform priorities to track changes over time.
The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country's business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.
Sample survey data [ssd]
The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.
Coverage
National
Regions covered are selected based on the number of establishments, contribution to employment, and value added. In most cases these regions are metropolitan areas and reflect the largest centers of economic activity in a country.
The manufacturing and service sectors were the primary business sectors of interest. Firms with 100% government/state ownership were not eligible to participate.
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
Sampling
The researchers interviewed 647 formal businesses for this survey.
"Formal" referred to a business registered with a central government body, such as Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA) and/or any government ministry - the Department of Commerce, the Department of Economy, the Department of Education, etc. "Informal" referred to a business not registered with a central government body. Establishments only registered with a local administration, a business association or a union, were considered informal. Given the small number of retailers registered centrally, combined with unavailability of a comprehensive list of registered retailers, the decision was made to accept some retailers that were only registered at the municipality level as "formal" for the purposes of this study.
The sample was split between five sectors. The World Bank advised on four sectors: manufacturing, retail, construction, and 'other services', comprising of hotels and restaurants; wholesalers; transport, storage and communications; IT services, and repair of motor vehicles. The local partner introduced an additional sector of "professional, scientific and technical," comprised of legal and accounting services, business and consulting services, architecture and engineering, advertising, research and media companies, private education institutes, and private health clinics.
Ten cities were covered for this survey, weighted according to the size and level of industrial activity.
While there were no fixed quotas for company size, preference was given to larger companies from AISA lists used to source formal companies. In addition, there was an interest from the local Afghan partner to cover micro businesses with less than five employees. Consequently, the sample proposition indicated a minimum of 5% of the sample should cover this size group.
The fieldwork team aimed to find formal companies from the following two sources:
World Bank Panel list (338 businesses interviewed for 2005 Afghanistan Enterprise Survey);
AISA (Afghanistan Investment Support Agency) list (1st, 2nd and 3rd choice companies provided by the World Bank, based on size).
Each of these lists contained telephone numbers and addresses for registered companies.
Due to difficulties contacting establishments solely through the Panel list and AISA list, it was necessary to find other sources to reach companies. Information from relevant NGOs (such as the Peace Dividend Trust), local AISA offices and Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries, was used. To reach retailers, either locally obtained Department of Commerce lists or, more commonly, local knowledge of large retailers were used.
Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, response rates, and implementation can be found in the document "Description of Afghanistan Implementation" in "Technical Documents" folder.
For some units it was impossible to determine eligibility because the contact was not successfully completed. Consequently, different assumptions as to their eligibility result in different universe cells' adjustments and in different sampling weights.
a- Strict assumption: eligible establishments are only those for which it was possible to directly determine eligibility.
b- Median assumption: eligible establishments are those for which it was possible to directly determine eligibility and those that rejected the screener questionnaire or an answering machine or fax was the only response. Median weights are used for computing indicators on the www.enterprisesurveys.org website.
c- Weak assumption: in addition to the establishments included in points a and b, all establishments for which it was not possible to finalize a contact are assumed eligible. This includes establishments with dead or out of service phone lines, establishments that never answered the phone, and establishments with incorrect addresses for which it was impossible to find a new address. Note that under the weak assumption only observed non-eligible units are excluded from universe projections.
Survey instrument
The current survey instrument is available:
- Main questionnaire that combines Core, Manufacturing and Services modules.
Three versions of the questionnaire were generated in order to provide more tailored tools to the fieldwork team:
- The Core questionnaire was used for the construction, other services, and professional, scientific and technical sectors;
- The Manufacturing questionnaire was only used for manufacturers. It contained all the questions on the Core questionnaire, as well as some manufacturing specific questions;
- The Services questionnaire was only used for retailers. It contained all the questions on the Core questionnaire, as well as some retailer specific questions.
The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, security, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2008-10 | 2008-12 |
| Name |
|---|
| Altai Consulting |
| Noma Consulting |
The fieldwork team had 24 members: 6 supervisors and 18 interviewers. The interviewers trained for the survey were generally college educated in Afghanistan or a neighboring country and/or had previous experience with conducting interviews in the country. Each interviewer had a set quota of businesses to interview. In order to achieve the quota, the interviewer was required to make the first contact with companies (except in a few cases when the supervisor did so), complete the screener document (in the case of formal companies), and conduct the interview.
Supervisors were more experienced interviewers, typically with a professional background, such as doctors or engineers. They coordinated their interviewer team, reviewed survey tools (questionnaires, cards, screeners, etc.), and evaluated each questionnaire to be sure it was complete and consistent. Supervisors also observed some interviews to ensure that the interviewers were asking questions in the right manner and were recording the answers correctly. The supervisors were also required to conduct interviews with larger companies, where their experience and gravitas were an important factor in securing the interview. Finally, supervisors met with officials from local administrations, business unions, trade associations and NGO members to request lists of registered businesses.
Private contractors conduct the Enterprise Surveys on behalf of the World Bank. Due to sensitive survey questions addressing business-government relations and corruption-related topics, private contractors are preferred over any government agency or an organization/institution associated with government, and are hired by the World Bank to collect the data.
A screener was used to ensure that potential respondents fit the sample frame. It contained basic questions about location, sector, size and current operations of an establishment. While the screener was typically conducted over the phone, sometimes, due to inaccuracy of phone numbers provided for specific firms, interviewers had to go a physical address to ask the screener questions.
The survey was conducted in Dari and Pashto.
Security was a significant factor in carrying out fieldwork across Afghanistan, where political unrest and criminal activity present notable risks and obstacles to effective data collection. However, risks were minimized by:
- Engaging local staff in each of the cities, where possible. With the exception of Bamyan (a relatively peaceful part of the country), interviewers operated in their hometowns;
- Flying members of the fieldwork team for training in Kabul, rather than going by roads that are known to be partly controlled by insurgents and/or bandits. This was the case for supervisors and interviewers from Kandahar and Herat;
- Providing sufficient authority to the interviewers, including a Noma Consulting photo ID card, a letter from the Department of Commerce and Industry, and a letter from the World Bank, to allay concerns and potential hostility from prospective interviewees.
A number of gifts were offered to respondents to encourage participation, including a simcard, and a leather-bound notebook and a pen. In addition, a small pamphlet in Dari, containing information from the 2005 Afghanistan Enterprise Survey, was distributed to help explain how the information derived from the survey was used.
Interviews lasted between one and two hours. In a small number of cases, the interview length exceeded two hours, but this was often due to numerous phone calls or interruptions.
Data processing
Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.
Data Access
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | Confidentiality of the survey respondents and the sensitive information they provide is necessary to ensure the greatest degree of survey participation, integrity and confidence in the quality of the data. Surveys are usually carried out in cooperation with business organizations and government agencies promoting job creation and economic growth, but confidentiality is never compromised. |
Aggregate indicators based on Enterprise Survey data are available to the public at https://www.enterprisesurveys.org
Firm-level data is also available to the public free-of-charge. In order to access the firm-level data, users must agree to abide by a strict confidentiality agreement available through Enterprise Analysis Unit website by clicking on "External users register here" at https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/Portal
Where necessary please site the source as "Enterprise Analysis Unit - World Bank Group https://www.enterprisesurveys.org"
Contacts
| enterprisesurveys@worldbank.org |
Metadata production
DDI_AFG_2008_ES_v01_M_WB
| Name |
|---|
| Antonina Redko |
Metadata version
Version 01