Family Life Survey 1993

The Household Survey Sampling Procedure

The household survey component of the 1993 IFLS was designed to collect contemporaneous and retrospective information on a wide array of family life topics for a representative sample of the Indonesian population. In IFLS1 it was determined to be too costly to interview all household members, so a sampling scheme was used to randomly select several members within a household to provide detailed individual information. IFLS1 conducted detailed interviews with the following household members:

• the household head and his/her spouse
• two randomly selected children of the head and spouse age 0 to 14
• an individual age 50 or older and his/her spouse, randomly selected from remaining members, and
• for a randomly selected 25% of the households, an individual age 15 to 49 and his/her spouse, randomly selected from remaining members.

Household Selection
The IFLS sampling scheme stratified on provinces, then randomly sampled within provinces. Provinces were selected to maximize representation of the population, capture the cultural and socioeconomic diversity of Indonesia, and be cost effective given the size and terrain of the country. The far eastern provinces of East Nusa Tenggara, East Timor, Maluku and Irian Jaya were readily excluded due to the high costs of preparing for and conducting fieldwork in these more remote provinces. Aceh, Sumatra's most northern province, was deleted out of concern for the area's political violence and the potential risk to interviewers. Finally, due to their relatively higher survey costs, we omitted three provinces on each of the major islands of Sumatra (Riau, Jambi, and Bengkulu), Kalimantan (West, Central, East), and Sulawesi (North, Central, Southeast). The resulting sample consists of 13 of Indonesia's 27 provinces: four on Sumatra (North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Lampung), all five of the Javanese provinces (DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, and East Java), and four provinces covering the remaining major island groups (Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi). The resulting sample represents 83 percent of the Indonesian population. (see Figure 1.1 of the Overview and Field Report in External Documents). Table 2.1 of the same document shows the distribution of Indonesia's population across the 27 provinces, highlighting the 13 provinces included in the IFLS sample.

The IFLS randomly selected enumeration areas (EAs) within each of the 13 provinces. The EAs were chosen from a nationally representative sample frame used in the 1993 SUSENAS, a socioeconomic survey of about 60,000 households.The SUSENAS frame, designed by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), is based on the 1990 census.The IFLS was based on the SUSENAS sample because the BPS had recently listed and mapped each of the SUSENAS EAs (saving us time and money) and because supplementary EA-level information from the resulting 1993 SUSENAS sample could be matched to the IFLS-1 sample areas.Table 2.1 summarizes the distribution of the approximately 9,000 SUSENAS EAs included in the 13 provinces covered by the IFLS. The SUSENAS EAs each contain some 200 to 300 hundred households, although only a smaller area of about 60 to 70 households was listed by the BPS for purposes of the annual survey. Using the SUSENAS frame, the IFLS randomly selected 321 enumeration areas in the 13 provinces, over-sampling urban EAs and EAs in smaller provinces to facilitate urbanrural and Javanese-non-Javanese comparisons. A straight proportional sample would likely be dominated by Javanese, who comprise more than 50 percent of the population. A total of 7,730 households were sampled to obtain a final sample size goal of 7,000 completed households. Table 2.1 shows the sampling rates that applied to each province and the resulting distribution of EAs in total, and separately by urban and rural status. Within a selected EA, households were randomly selected by field teams based upon the 1993 SUSENAS listings obtained from regional offices of the BPS. A household was defined as a group of people whose members reside in the same dwelling and share food from the same cooking pot (the standard BPS definition). Twenty households were selected from each urban EA, while thirty households were selected from each rural EA. This strategy minimizes expensive travel between rural EAs and reduces intra-cluster correlation across urban households, which tend to be more similar to one another than do rural households. Table 2.2 (Overview and Field Report) shows the resulting sample of IFLS households by province, separately by completion status.

Selection of Respondents within Households
For each household selected, a representative member provided household-level demographic and economic information. In addition, several household members were randomly selected and asked to provide detailed individual information.

The Community Survey Sampling Procedure

The goal of the CFS was to collect information about the communities of respondents to the household questionnaire. The information was solicited in two ways. First, the village leader of each community was interviewed about a variety of aspects of village life (the content of this questionnaire is described in the next section). Information from the village leader was supplemented by interviewing the head of the village women's group, who was asked questions regarding the availability of health facilities and schools in the area, as well as more general questions about family health in the community. In addition to the information on community characteristics provided by the two representatives of the village leadership, we visited a sample of schools and health facilities, in which we conducted detailed interviews regarding the institution's activities.

A priori we wanted data on the major sources of outpatient health care, public and private, and on elementary, junior secondary, and senior secondary schools. We defined eight strata of facilities/institutions from which we wanted data. Different types of health providers make up five of the strata, while schools account for the other three. The five strata of health care providers are: government health centers and subcenters (puskesmas, puskesmas pembantu); private doctors and clinics (praktek umum/klinik); the private practices of midwives, nurses, and paramedics (perawats, bidans, paramedis, mantri); traditional practitioners (dukun, sinshe, tabib, orang pintar); and community health posts (posyandu, PPKBD).The three strata of schools are elementary, junior secondary, and senior secondary. Private, public, religious, vocational, and general schools are all eligible as long as they provide schooling at one of the three levels.

Our protocol for selecting specific schools and health facilities for detailed interview reflects our desire that selected facilities represent the facilities available to members of the communities from which household survey respondents were drawn. For that reason we were hesitant to select facilities based solely either on information from the village leader or on proximity to the village center. The option we selected instead was to sample schools and health care providers from lists provided by respondents to the household survey.

For each enumeration area lists of facilities in each of the eight strata were constructed by compiling information provided by the household regarding the names and locations of facilities the household respondent either knew about or used. To generate lists of relevant health and family planning facilities, the CFS drew on two pieces of information from the household survey. The IFLS queried wives of household heads as to whether they, a family member, a friend, or someone else they knew had ever used a particular health facility, such as a health center (section PP of Book I, excerpted in Appendix B). When women responded positively, they were asked to provide the name and location of a facility of that type. When women responded negatively, they were asked if they knew of any facilities of that type, and if so, were asked about the name and location of the facility. These responses provided one source of information regarding health facilities of relevance to community members. Information was collected for four types of facilities/providers: government health centers and subcenters; private clinics; private doctors' practices; the practices of nurses, midwives, and paramedics; and traditional practitioners.

In Indonesia health facilities are also a source of contraceptives. Ever married women between the ages of 15 and 49 were asked whether they knew about various of methods of contraception (Section CX, Book IV, excerpted in Appendix B). When women knew of a method, they were asked to identify the specific facility from which they could obtain that method. For three methods (oral contraceptives, IUDs, and injectables), the name and location of the facility that the woman mentioned was added to the list of health providers if it fell into one of the five strata to be visited by the CFS team. The information from the "knowledge of contraceptive methods" section is the only source of information about the names and locations of community health posts.

The two sources of household information about health facilities are not tied solely to use of those facilities/providers by household members. Though it is possible (and probable) that someone in the household has used the facility that is mentioned, any facility known to the respondent may be mentioned. An alternative procedure would be to base the list on facilities the respondent (or another household member) has actually used in the recent past. We rejected this approach because we felt it would result in a more limited picture of community health care options (since use of health care is sporadic), and possibly be biased by factors such as what illnesses were common around the time of the interview.

The lists of schools were obtained in a slightly different manner. The respondent to the household roster (Section AR, Book I, excerpted in Appendix B) provided the name and location of all schools currently attended by household members under 25 years of age. Consequently, the lists of schools compiled from household information are all schools attended by at least one member of at least one IFLS household. For each enumeration area eight lists of facilities (one per strata) were constructed based on the combined household responses from that EA. Tables 3.1 and 3.2 (Overview and Field Report) provide the cumulative distributions of the numbers of facilities (by strata) identified within EAs. For example, the combined number of health centers identified was less than six in 80 percent of the 132 rural EAs in which we interviewed. The combined numbers of health centers identified was less than six in 68 percent of the 189 urban EAs in which we interviewed. Thus, on average, the combined household responses in urban EAs generate a longer list of health centers than do the combined responses in rural EAs. On average, the lists are longer in urban areas than in rural areas for doctors/clinics and all levels of schools as well. However, on average, the lists are longer in rural areas than in urban areas for nurses/midwives and for traditional practitioners.